{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T07:56:22Z","timestamp":1783065382211,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre, Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/06\/X\/NZ6\/00501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/06\/X\/NZ6\/00501"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006345","name":"Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006345","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by malignant B lymphocyte accumulation and progressive immune dysfunction. The immune checkpoint molecule TIM-3 and its ligand galectin-9 (Gal-9) contribute to T cell exhaustion, impairing anti-tumour immunity. Interleukin-27 (IL-27) has pleiotropic immunomodulatory properties, but its impact on TIM-3 and Gal-9 expression in CLL remains unclear. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 20 treatment-naive CLL patients were cultured with or without IL-27 (100 ng\/mL) for 72 h. Flow cytometry assessed TIM-3 and Gal-9 expression on CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+ cells. Results: IL-27 stimulation significantly increased TIM-3 expression on CD8+ T cells (2.18 \u00b1 0.32% vs. 3.09 \u00b1 0.49%, p = 0.009), a hallmark of T cell exhaustion. IL-27 also modestly increased intracellular Gal-9 levels in total lymphocytes (93.91 \u00b1 1.17% vs. 96.55 \u00b1 0.67%, p = 0.005). Additionally, IL-27 reduced CD4+ T cell proportions (26.71 \u00b1 4.19% vs. 22.01 \u00b1 3.23%, p = 0.010). Although numerically modest, these changes may be biologically pertinent in the context of checkpoint-mediated CD8+ T-cell exhaustion. Conclusions: IL-27 may enhance immunosuppressive mechanisms in CLL by modulating immune checkpoint expression, potentially contributing to disease progression. These ex vivo findings in PBMCs from CLL patients indicate the IL-27-associated modulation of checkpoint expression under the conditions tested. In the absence of parallel healthy-donor controls, CLL specificity cannot be established in this study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47110881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T02:34:45Z","timestamp":1761273285000},"page":"881","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Expression of TIM-3 and Gal-9 Immune Checkpoints in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: The Potential Role of Interleukin-27"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4478-6749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"W\u0119drowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Lung Diseases, Neoplasms and Tuberculosis, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Wandtke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Lung Diseases, Neoplasms and Tuberculosis, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2981-1205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Ulaszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8172-0071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edyta","family":"Cichocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, L. Rydygier Provincial Polyclinical Hospital in Toru\u0144, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"D\u0119bski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Kopi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Lung Diseases, Neoplasms and Tuberculosis, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3158-119X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Styczy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8324-163X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Przybylski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Lung Diseases, Neoplasms and Tuberculosis, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2269","article-title":"Upregulation of Galectin-9 and PD-L1 Immune Checkpoints Molecules in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia","volume":"18","author":"Taghiloo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac. 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