{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T21:53:10Z","timestamp":1793137990566,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health challenge that contributes to numerous complications. As a chronic metabolic disorder, DM leads to persistent microvascular and macrovascular damage, ultimately impairing the function of multiple organ systems. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including heart failure (HF), are among the most serious diabetes-related outcomes, accounting for substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traditionally, diabetic HF has been attributed to coexisting conditions such as hypertensive heart disease or coronary artery disease. However, a high prevalence of HF is observed in individuals with DM even in the absence of these comorbidities. In recent years, the phenomenon of diabetes-induced HF has attracted considerable scientific interest. Gaining insight into the mechanisms by which diabetes elevates HF risk and drives key molecular and cellular alterations is essential for developing effective strategies to prevent or reverse these pathological changes. This review consolidates current evidence and recent advances regarding the cellular and molecular pathways underlying diabetes-related HF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47110886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T03:44:39Z","timestamp":1761795879000},"page":"886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Cellular and Molecular Pathways in Diabetes-Associated Heart Failure: Emerging Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0995-7015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Ktenopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Unit of Structural Heart Diseases, First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilian","family":"Anagnostopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, KAT General Hospital, 14561 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2616-7952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasios","family":"Apostolos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Unit of Structural Heart Diseases, First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6NP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5768-9125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Iliakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3561-5713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paschalis","family":"Karakasis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Cardiology, Hippokration General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7312-0976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikias","family":"Milaras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9260-6306","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Theofilis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5598-9950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Fragoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Drakopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Unit of Structural Heart Diseases, First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8516-1177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Synetos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Unit of Structural Heart Diseases, First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9133-9258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Latsios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Unit of Structural Heart Diseases, First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7636-6725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Tsioufis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Unit of Structural Heart Diseases, First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Toutouzas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Cardiology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Unit of Structural Heart Diseases, First Department of Cardiology, Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2017.34","article-title":"Diabetes Mellitus: A Local and Global Public Health Emergency!","volume":"32","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oman Med. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.183480","article-title":"Microvasular and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus: Distinct or continuum?","volume":"20","author":"Chawla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311586","article-title":"Diabetic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"122","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mengstie, M.A., Abebe, E.C., Teklemariam, A.B., Mulu, A.T., Teshome, A.A., Zewde, E.A., Muche, Z.T., and Azezew, M.T. (2022). Molecular and cellular mechanisms in diabetic heart failure: Potential therapeutic targets. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.947294"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.311371","article-title":"Heart Failure in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"124","author":"Kenny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13629","article-title":"Heart failure and type 2 diabetes: From cardiovascular outcome trials, with hope","volume":"21","author":"Giugliano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2174\/1573403X12666160606120254","article-title":"Type 2 Diabetes and Heart Failure: Challenges and Solutions","volume":"12","author":"Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s11428-021-00752-w","article-title":"Herzinsuffizienz bei Menschen mit Diabetes mellitus","volume":"17","year":"2021","journal-title":"Der Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01408-1","article-title":"Heart failure in type 2 diabetes: Current perspectives on screening, diagnosis and management","volume":"20","author":"Ceriello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.119.086611","article-title":"Overview of the Components of Cardiac Metabolism","volume":"47","author":"Hausner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.12997\/jla.2020.9.1.66","article-title":"CD36 (SR-B2) as a Target to Treat Lipid Overload-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction","volume":"9","author":"Glatz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lipid Atheroscler."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.306842","article-title":"Lipid Use and Misuse by the Heart","volume":"118","author":"Schulze","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angelini, A., Pi, X., and Xie, L. (2017). Dioxygen and Metabolism; Dangerous Liaisons in Cardiac Function and Disease. Front. Physiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.01044"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karwi, Q.G., Uddin, G.M., Ho, K.L., and Lopaschuk, G.D. (2018). Loss of Metabolic Flexibility in the Failing Heart. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00068"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1425","article-title":"Fuel availability and fate in cardiac metabolism: A tale of two substrates","volume":"1861","author":"Pascual","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Et Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.10.035","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of cardiac pathology in diabetes\u2014Experimental insights","volume":"1864","author":"Varma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Et Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4331\/wjbc.v11.i3.76","article-title":"Current understanding of glucose transporter 4 expression and functional mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012673","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.012673","article-title":"Glucose Metabolism in Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure","volume":"8","author":"Tran","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.12.083","article-title":"Glucose transporters in healthy heart and in cardiac disease","volume":"230","author":"Szablewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maria, Z., Campolo, A.R., and Lacombe, V.A. (2015). Diabetes Alters the Expression and Translocation of the Insulin-Sensitive Glucose Transporters 4 and 8 in the Atria. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146033"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karwi, Q.G., Sun, Q., and Lopaschuk, G.D. (2021). The Contribution of Cardiac Fatty Acid Oxidation to Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Severity. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113259"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-015-0308-y","article-title":"Glucose and fatty acid metabolism in infarcted heart from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after 2 weeks of tissue remodeling","volume":"14","author":"Malfitano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.09.030","article-title":"Increased Myocardial Fatty Acid Metabolism in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"47","author":"Herrero","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318241","article-title":"Cardiac Energy Metabolism in Heart Failure","volume":"128","author":"Lopaschuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1113\/JP276747","article-title":"Cardiomyopathy in obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes","volume":"598","author":"Nakamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6584","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102212","article-title":"Role and mechanism of cardiac insulin resistance in occurrence of heart failure caused by myocardial hypertrophy","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2012.06.005","article-title":"Insulin Resistance and Heart Failure","volume":"8","author":"Aroor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Clin."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, A., Gao, M., Jiang, W., Qin, Y., and Gong, G. (2020). Mitochondrial Dynamics in Adult Cardiomyocytes and Heart Diseases. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.584800"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jubaidi, F.F., Zainalabidin, S., Mariappan, V., and Budin, S.B. (2020). Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: The Possible Therapeutic Roles of Phenolic Acids. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176043"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.269894.115","article-title":"Mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in the developing and diseased heart","volume":"29","author":"Dorn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1159\/000448357","article-title":"Fatty Acid Oxidation and Its Relation with Insulin Resistance and Associated Disorders","volume":"68","author":"Lopaschuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2019.0185","article-title":"Mitochondrial Mechanisms in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"44","author":"Gollmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.05.035","article-title":"Impact of Oxidative Stress on the Heart and Vasculature","volume":"70","author":"Camici","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10863-016-9672-x","article-title":"Mitochondrial Ca2+ and regulation of the permeability transition pore","volume":"49","author":"Hurst","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bioenerg. Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3795","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15127","article-title":"Mitochondrial and mitochondrial-independent pathways of myocardial cell death during ischaemia and reperfusion injury","volume":"24","author":"Davidson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonora, M., Patergnani, S., Ramaccini, D., Morciano, G., Pedriali, G., Kahsay, A.E., Bouhamida, E., Giorgi, C., Wieckowski, M.R., and Pinton, P. (2020). Physiopathology of the Permeability Transition Pore: Molecular Mechanisms in Human Pathology. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10070998"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-022-01046-w","article-title":"Mitochondrial damage and activation of the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS\u2013STING pathway lead to cardiac pyroptosis and hypertrophy in diabetic cardiomyopathy mice","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ou, L., Zhang, A., Cheng, Y., and Chen, Y. (2021). The cGAS-STING Pathway: A Promising Immunotherapy Target. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.795048"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842313","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.842313","article-title":"Pyroptosis-Related Inflammasome Pathway: A New Therapeutic Target for Diabetic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"13","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.08.026","article-title":"Preliminary evidence for the presence of multiple forms of cell death in diabetes cardiomyopathy","volume":"12","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-015-2052-6","article-title":"The endoplasmic reticulum: Structure, function and response to cellular signaling","volume":"73","author":"Schwarz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2015.145","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress: A novel mechanism and therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15107","article-title":"A guide to assessing endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis and stress in mammalian systems","volume":"287","author":"Sicari","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gardner, B.M., Pincus, D., Gotthardt, K., Gallagher, C.M., and Walter, P. (2013). Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Sensing in the Unfolded Protein Response. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 5.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a013169"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams, C.J., Kopp, M.C., Larburu, N., Nowak, P.R., and Ali, M.M.U. (2019). Structure and Molecular Mechanism of ER Stress Signaling by the Unfolded Protein Response Signal Activator IRE1. Front. Mol. Biosci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2019.00011"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13888","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the heart: Insights into mechanisms and drug targets","volume":"175","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2020.05.004","article-title":"Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress Response Failure in Diseases","volume":"30","author":"Bhattarai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312192","article-title":"Metabolic Stress and Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2020.9398","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress serves an important role in cardiac ischemia\/reperfusion injury (Review)","volume":"20","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5037","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5180","article-title":"Sequential changes of endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in myocardial fibrosis of diabetes mellitus-induced rats","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2013.807923","article-title":"Impairment of calcium ATPases by high glucose and potential pharmacological protection","volume":"47","author":"Strosova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takada, A., Miki, T., Kuno, A., Kouzu, H., Sunaga, D., Itoh, T., Tanno, M., Yano, T., Sato, T., and Ishikawa, S. (2012). Role of ER Stress in Ventricular Contractile Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039893"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-019-09873-3","article-title":"SERCA2a: A key protein in the Ca2+ cycle of the heart failure","volume":"25","author":"Zhihao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Myles, R.C., Lee, I.J., Bers, D.M., and Ripplinger, C.M. (2021). Role of Reduced Sarco-Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPase Function on Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Alternans in the Intact Rabbit Heart. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.656516"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy197","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces cardiac dysfunction through architectural modifications and alteration of mitochondrial function in cardiomyocytes","volume":"115","author":"Prola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2018.02.010","article-title":"Emerging Actors in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Heartbreaker Biomarkers or Therapeutic Targets?","volume":"39","author":"Palomer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.15420\/ecr.2018.33.1","article-title":"The Role of Inflammation in Diabetes: Current Concepts and Future Perspectives","volume":"14","author":"Tsalamandris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, N., Guan, Y., Raja, R., Ruiz-Velasco, A., and Liu, W. (2021). Mechanisms and Therapeutic Prospects of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Through the Inflammatory Response. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.694864"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e210024","DOI":"10.20900\/immunometab20210024","article-title":"Inflammation Meets Metabolism Roles: For the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products Axis in Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"3","author":"Senatus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunometabolism"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20420188221083530","DOI":"10.1177\/20420188221083530","article-title":"Role of inflammation in diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"13","author":"Ramesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonilha, I., Hajduch, E., Luchiari, B., Nadruz, W., Le Goff, W., and Sposito, A.C. (2021). The Reciprocal Relationship between LDL Metabolism and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11120807"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ehab724.2837","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab724.2837","article-title":"Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins increases nivolumab-induced cardiotoxicity through TLR4\/NF-KB and NLRP3 pathways","volume":"42","author":"Quagliariello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2021.05.003","article-title":"OTULIN in NF-\u03baB signaling, cell death, and disease","volume":"42","author":"Verboom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00312-6","article-title":"Targeting NF-\u03baB pathway for the therapy of diseases: Mechanism and clinical study","volume":"5","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H985","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00633.2019","article-title":"The contribution of chymase-dependent formation of ANG II to cardiac dysfunction in metabolic syndrome of young rats: Roles of fructose and EETs","volume":"318","author":"Froogh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3297","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0805","article-title":"Intracellular Angiotensin II Production in Diabetic Rats Is Correlated with Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis, Oxidative Stress, and Cardiac Fibrosis","volume":"57","author":"Singh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1080\/13543776.2018.1531848","article-title":"Chymase inhibitors for the treatment of cardiac diseases: A patent review (2010\u20132018)","volume":"28","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Ther. Pat."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1328","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00337.2010","article-title":"Inhibition of chymase protects against diabetes-induced oxidative stress and renal dysfunction in hamsters","volume":"299","author":"Maeda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2004.06.001","article-title":"High glucose concentration augments angiotensin II mediated contraction via AT1 receptors in rat thoracic aorta","volume":"50","author":"Arun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.19800","article-title":"Autophagy was involved in the protective effect of metformin on hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and Connexin43 downregulation in H9c2 cells","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4161\/oxim.3.2.11148","article-title":"Advanced Glycation end Products, Oxidative Stress and Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"3","author":"Yamagishi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.575589","article-title":"Advanced Glycation End Products Activate a Chymase-Dependent Angiotensin II\u2013Generating Pathway in Diabetic Complications","volume":"113","author":"Koka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.303045","article-title":"Angiotensin II, From Vasoconstrictor to Growth Factor","volume":"114","author":"Vukelic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ichimiya, T., Yamakawa, T., Hirano, T., Yokoyama, Y., Hayashi, Y., Hirayama, D., Wagatsuma, K., Itoi, T., and Nakase, H. (2020). Autophagy and Autophagy-Related Diseases: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21238974"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5371","article-title":"An Overview of Autophagy: Morphology, Mechanism, and Regulation","volume":"20","author":"Parzych","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, D., Zhang, K., and Hu, P. (2019). The Role of Autophagy in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Front. Pharmacol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00551"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-0141-7","article-title":"Lysosome biology in autophagy","volume":"6","author":"Yim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-0161-3","article-title":"Emerging roles of ATG proteins and membrane lipids in autophagosome formation","volume":"6","author":"Nishimura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallagher, L., Williamson, L., and Chan, E. (2016). Advances in Autophagy Regulatory Mechanisms. Cells, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells5020024"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20170021","article-title":"The mammalian ULK1 complex and autophagy initiation","volume":"61","author":"Zachari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14305","article-title":"Molecular regulation of autophagy machinery by mTOR-dependent and -independent pathways","volume":"1467","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamargo-G\u00f3mez, I., and Mari\u00f1o, G. (2018). AMPK: Regulation of Metabolic Dynamics in the Context of Autophagy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19123812"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101338","article-title":"Autophagy in the diabetic heart: A potential pharmacotherapeutic target in diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"68","author":"Dewanjee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2015.1051295","article-title":"Autophagic adaptations in diabetic cardiomyopathy differ between type 1 and type 2 diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Kanamori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4103\/2348-8832.196893","article-title":"Maladaptive autophagy in diabetic heart disease","volume":"3","author":"Munasinghe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2014.05.020","article-title":"Autophagy and mitophagy in diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"1852","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Et Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.04.110","article-title":"Vaspin prevents myocardial injury in rats model of diabetic cardiomyopathy by enhancing autophagy and inhibiting inflammation","volume":"514","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18077","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.474650","article-title":"Diminished Autophagy Limits Cardiac Injury in Mouse Models of Type 1 Diabetes","volume":"288","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2020.05.009","article-title":"Morphological characteristics in diabetic cardiomyopathy associated with autophagy","volume":"77","author":"Kanamori","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.18980","article-title":"Suppression of autophagy is protective in high glucose-induced cardiomyocyte injury","volume":"8","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2013.10.014","article-title":"The interplay between autophagy and apoptosis in the diabetic heart","volume":"71","author":"Ouyang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1525\/abt.2020.82.6.372","article-title":"Teaching Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression Is Critical in 21st-Century Science Education: Key Concepts & Teaching Strategies","volume":"82","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. Biol. Teach."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70081","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.70081","article-title":"Established and Emerging Roles of Epigenetic Regulation in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"41","author":"Karuna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mittal, A., Garg, R., Bahl, A., and Khullar, M. (2021). Molecular Mechanisms and Epigenetic Regulation in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.725532"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23261","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1820838116","article-title":"Biological embedding of experience: A primer on epigenetics","volume":"117","author":"Aristizabal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, J., Cheng, J., Zhang, Q., and Xiao, X. (2017). Novel insights into DNA methylation and its critical implications in diabetic vascular complications. Biosci. Rep., 37.","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20160611"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2019-0027","article-title":"Epigenetics in the Development of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"11","author":"Pepin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.12789","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus exacerbates post-myocardial infarction heart failure by reducing sarcolipin promoter methylation","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvv008","article-title":"TNF- down-regulates sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase expression and leads to left ventricular diastolic dysfunction through binding of NF- B to promoter response element","volume":"105","author":"Tsai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2857-1","article-title":"Histones and heart failure in diabetes","volume":"75","author":"Yerra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, Y.K., Ai, H.S., Li, Y.M., and Yan, B. (2018). Total Chemical Synthesis of Modified Histones. Front. Chem., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2018.00019"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-020-00352-w","article-title":"Histone N-alpha terminal modifications: Genome regulation at the tip of the tail","volume":"13","author":"Demetriadou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epigenetics Chromatin"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317132","article-title":"Hyperglycemia Induces Myocardial Dysfunction via Epigenetic Regulation of JunD","volume":"127","author":"Hussain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F14","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00200.2010","article-title":"The role of epigenetics in the pathology of diabetic complications","volume":"299","author":"Villeneuve","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ke, X., Lin, Z., Ye, Z., Leng, M., Chen, B., Jiang, C., Jiang, X., and Li, G. (2021). Histone Deacetylases in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Front. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.679655"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, J., Liao, Y., Liu, J., Liu, W., and Yan, D. (2021). Research Progress on Epigenetics of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Type 2 Diabetes. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.777258"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Brien, J., Hayder, H., Zayed, Y., and Peng, C. (2018). Overview of MicroRNA Biogenesis, Mechanisms of Actions, and Circulation. Front. Endocrinol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00402"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.08.161","article-title":"Differential expression pattern of cardiovascular microRNAs in the human type-2 diabetic heart with normal ejection fraction","volume":"202","author":"Rawal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.108.183087","article-title":"The Emerging Role of MicroRNAs in Cardiac Remodeling and Heart Failure","volume":"103","author":"Divakaran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2017.841","article-title":"Role of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvr300","article-title":"Role of microRNAs in diabetes and its cardiovascular complications","volume":"93","author":"Shantikumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.314898","article-title":"Nuclear miR-320 Mediates Diabetes-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction by Activating Transcription of Fatty Acid Metabolic Genes to Cause Lipotoxicity in the Heart","volume":"125","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"18","article-title":"Circulating Biomarkers and MicroRNAs in the Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy-A Review","volume":"4","author":"Moorthy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiol. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0767-z","article-title":"MiR-21 protected against diabetic cardiomyopathy induced diastolic dysfunction by targeting gelsolin","volume":"17","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2012.07.004","article-title":"Emerging role of epigenetics and miRNA in diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"22","author":"Asrih","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1432","article-title":"A trial to evaluate the effect of the sodium\u2013glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (DAPA-HF)","volume":"21","author":"McMurray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61966-8","article-title":"Blood-pressure reduction with LCZ696, a novel dual-acting inhibitor of the angiotensin II receptor and neprilysin: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, active comparator study","volume":"375","author":"Ruilope","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2021.1937121","article-title":"Vericiguat for the treatment of heart failure: Mechanism of action and pharmacological properties compared with other emerging therapeutic options","volume":"22","author":"Hulot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3398","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa731","article-title":"Totality of evidence in trials of sodium\u2013glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors in the patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: Implications for clinical practice","volume":"41","author":"Butler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39314.620174.80","article-title":"Benefits and harms of antidiabetic agents in patients with diabetes and heart failure: Systematic review","volume":"335","author":"Eurich","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546548","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/546548","article-title":"In Vitro and In Vivo Characterizations of Chiglitazar, a Newly Identified PPAR Pan-Agonist","volume":"2012","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-008-6093-z","article-title":"Effects of the Thiazolidinedione Medications on Micro- and Macrovascular Complications in Patients with Diabetes\u2014Update 2008","volume":"22","author":"Rohatgi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.2174\/157339907780598216","article-title":"Comparative Effectiveness of Pioglitazone and Rosiglitazone in Type 2 Diabetes, Prediabetes, and the Metabolic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Norris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rev."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.10.1180","article-title":"Pioglitazone and Risk of Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"298","author":"Lincoff","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1161","article-title":"Insulin treatment in patients with diabetes and heart failure: Defendant on the stand","volume":"20","author":"Avogaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JAA.0000743004.83284.cc","article-title":"Which drug is best for a patient with type 2 diabetes and heart failure?","volume":"34","author":"Clawson","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAAPA"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1586\/14779072.6.2.153","article-title":"Acarbose: Oral antidiabetes drug with additional cardiovascular benefits","volume":"6","author":"Hanefeld","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1307684","article-title":"Saxagliptin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"369","author":"Scirica","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, J.P., Mehta, C., Sharma, A., Nissen, S.E., Rossignol, P., and Zannad, F. (2020). Alogliptin after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes: A renal function stratified analysis of the EXAMINE trial. BMC Med., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01616-8"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2021.11.001","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes with Metformin and Sulfonylurea Therapies Among Patients with Heart Failure and Diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keller, D.M., Ahmed, N., Tariq, H., Walgamage, M., Walgamage, T., Mohammed, A., Chou, J.T.-T., Ka\u0142u\u017cna-Oleksy, M., Lesiak, M., and Straburzy\u0144ska-Migaj, E. (2022). SGLT2 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Heart Failure\u2014A Concise Review. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11061470"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.4158\/EP151145.RA","article-title":"Metformin: Nonglycemic Effects and Potential Novel Indications","volume":"22","author":"Anabtawi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.110.952556","article-title":"Metformin Use and Mortality in Ambulatory Patients With Diabetes and Heart Failure","volume":"4","author":"Aguilar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2019). 5. Lifestyle Management: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142019. Diabetes Care, 42, S46\u2013S60.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-S005"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12189","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R114.557314","article-title":"A Fresh View of Glycolysis and Glucokinase Regulation: History and Current Status","volume":"289","author":"Lenzen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2878","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15179","article-title":"Diabetes remission in drug-na\u00efve patients with type 2 diabetes after dorzagliatin treatment: A prospective cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Zeng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/5584_2018_149","article-title":"Treatment of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction","volume":"1067","author":"Hodorogea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-023-00849-3","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists: Cardiovascular benefits and mechanisms of action","volume":"20","author":"Ussher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00469-0","article-title":"Semaglutide versus placebo in people with obesity-related heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: A pooled analysis of the STEP-HFpEF and STEP-HFpEF DM randomised trials","volume":"403","author":"Butler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e077097","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-077097","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of second line oral antidiabetic treatments among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Emulation of a target trial using routinely collected health data","volume":"385","author":"Bidulka","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.01.040","article-title":"Genitourinary Tract Infections in Patients Taking SGLT2 Inhibitors","volume":"83","author":"Kittipibul","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022190","article-title":"Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes with Empagliflozin in Heart Failure","volume":"383","author":"Packer","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"GRADE: An emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0120","article-title":"Prescribing Paradigm Shift? Applying the 2019 European Society of Cardiology\u2013Led Guidelines on Diabetes, Prediabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease to Assess Eligibility for Sodium\u2013Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors or Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists as First-Line Monotherapy (or Add-on to Metformin Monotherapy) in Type 2 Diabetes in Scotland","volume":"43","author":"Caparrotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.03.009","article-title":"Cardiovascular Events Associated with SGLT-2 Inhibitors Versus Other Glucose-Lowering Drugs","volume":"71","author":"Kosiborod","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l4772","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4772","article-title":"Use of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and risk of major cardiovascular events and heart failure: Scandinavian register based cohort study","volume":"366","author":"Pasternak","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.11.033","article-title":"Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Diabetes","volume":"73","author":"McHugh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E621","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00277.2023","article-title":"Novel perspectives regarding the physiologic mechanisms by which gliflozins induce reticulocytosis and erythrocytosis","volume":"325","author":"Heyman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0914-1","article-title":"Dapagliflozin improves left ventricular remodeling and aorta sympathetic tone in a pig model of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-017-0658-8","article-title":"The effect of dapagliflozin treatment on epicardial adipose tissue volume","volume":"17","author":"Sato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.12.019","article-title":"Empagliflozin rescues diabetic myocardial microvascular injury via AMPK-mediated inhibition of mitochondrial fission","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pabel, S., Hamdani, N., Singh, J., and Sossalla, S. (2021). Potential Mechanisms of SGLT2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction. Front. Physiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.752370"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S233538","article-title":"Extraglycemic Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors: A Review of the Evidence","volume":"13","author":"Bonora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0165-0","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome: Molecular activation and regulation to therapeutics","volume":"19","author":"Swanson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2023.2171110","article-title":"Cardiorenal benefits of finerenone: Protecting kidney and heart","volume":"55","author":"Ortiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0294","article-title":"Finerenone in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes by Sodium\u2013Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor Treatment: The FIDELITY Analysis","volume":"45","author":"Rossing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2022.2130889","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of finerenone for treatment of diabetic kidney disease: Current knowledge and future perspective","volume":"21","author":"Marzolla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2025845","article-title":"Effect of Finerenone on Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"383","author":"Bakris","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2110956","article-title":"Cardiovascular Events with Finerenone in Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"385","author":"Pitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2021070942","article-title":"Hyperkalemia Risk with Finerenone: Results from the FIDELIO-DKD Trial","volume":"33","author":"Agarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-023-05221-2","article-title":"Herzinsuffizienz: Leitlinien-Update der ESC 2023","volume":"49","author":"Bauersachs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2333","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure","volume":"24","author":"McDonagh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000749","article-title":"cGMP Signaling and Modulation in Heart Failure","volume":"75","author":"Blanton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1915928","article-title":"Vericiguat in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction","volume":"382","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-021-01586-y","article-title":"Drug Treatment of Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: Defining the Role of Vericiguat","volume":"81","author":"Coats","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5146","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.7b00449","article-title":"Discovery of the Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Stimulator Vericiguat (BAY 1021189) for the Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure","volume":"60","author":"Follmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2221","article-title":"Renal function and the effects of vericiguat in patients with worsening heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: Insights from the VICTORIA (Vericiguat Global Study in Subjects with HFrEF) trial","volume":"23","author":"Voors","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.042155","article-title":"Heart Failure End Points in Cardiovascular Outcome Trials of Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"140","author":"Butler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01565-6","article-title":"Lessons from SGLT-2 inhibitors: Rethinking endpoints for heart failure studies","volume":"27","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz158","article-title":"The continuous heart failure spectrum: Moving beyond an ejection fraction classification","volume":"40","author":"Triposkiadis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"e078242","article-title":"Effect of combination treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors on incidence of cardiovascular and serious renal events: Population based cohort study","volume":"385","author":"Treves","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfac198","article-title":"Design of the COmbinatioN effect of FInerenone anD EmpaglifloziN in participants with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes using a UACR Endpoint study (CONFIDENCE)","volume":"38","author":"Green","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."}],"container-title":["Current Issues in Molecular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/47\/11\/886\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T04:36:05Z","timestamp":1761798965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/47\/11\/886"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]]},"references-count":172,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["cimb47110886"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cimb47110886","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-3045"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-3045","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]]}}}