{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T03:36:52Z","timestamp":1792467412981,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":276,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a complex, heterogeneous, hyperglycemic chronic metabolic disorder. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by progressive loss of insulin secretion from pancreatic islet \u03b2-cells due to IR (insulin resistance), which is a feature of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Chronic hyperglycemia in patients with T2DM in synergy with other metabolic abnormalities causes complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis, osmotic diuresis and hyperglycemic diabetic coma, as well as chronic microvascular and macrovascular complications such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), peripheral artery disease (PAD) and cerebrovascular events, which implicate the formation of reactive species and the promotion of inflammatory pathways. In these events, natural or synthetic antioxidants and minerals seem to have ameliorative effects and may serve as beneficial co-treatment options. In view of these terms, the aim of this study is to investigate the underlying mechanisms of T2DM, its clinical presentation, and its complications. Additionally, the association of the pathogenesis of T2DM and the occurrence of its complications with obesity, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress (OS), insulin resistance (IR), hepatic steatosis, and dyslipidemia is examined, whilst molecular pathways, such as NF-\u03baB and JAK\/STAT, are also summarized, under the scope of the effects of several antioxidant compounds and minerals on their progression. The interrelation of T2DM with these conditions, as well as the effects of antioxidant supplementation, seems to be bidirectional, and it is recommended that obese patients be screened for T2DM and adopt lifestyle changes, including exercise, diet modification, and weight loss, in addition to potentially taking multifunctional supplements that offer antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. However, many aspects of the protective mechanisms of such antioxidants remain to be elucidated, with more drawbacks in their pharmacokinetic behavior, such as their poor absorption and solubility, waiting to be resolved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47121063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T11:08:28Z","timestamp":1766056108000},"page":"1063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Mechanistic Insights into Antioxidant Interventions Targeting Obesity-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Fani-Niki","family":"Varra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Frederick University, Nicosia 1036, Cyprus"},{"name":"Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Theodosis-Nobelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, Frederick University, Nicosia 1036, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktoria-Konstantina","family":"Varra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis of Zographou, 15771 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Division of Aesthetics and Cosmetic Science, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Welfare Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michail","family":"Varras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fourth Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, \u2018Elena Venizelou\u2019 General and Maternity Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v7.i1.1","article-title":"Milestones in the history of diabetes mellitus: The main contributors","volume":"7","author":"Karamanou","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. 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