{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T14:41:52Z","timestamp":1781188912488,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education"},{"name":"Korea Ministry of SMEs and Startups","award":["RS-2025-02413140"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-02413140"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chamaecyparis obtusa (Hinoki cypress) has been extensively studied for its leaves and bark, which are known to contain high levels of polyphenols and flavonoids with potent bioactivities. In this study, the phytochemical transformation and changes in bioactivity of C. obtusa leaves were investigated through bioconversion using the mycelium of Phellinus linteus. Initially, extracts of C. obtusa leaves were prepared using distilled water (COD) and 99% ethanol (COE), and the bioconverted extract, CPE-1. The extracts were evaluated for antioxidant potential (DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging), cytotoxicity, antibacterial efficacy, and anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The results indicated that CPE-1 exhibited the highest overall efficacy among the tested extracts, showing antioxidant activity comparable to that of BHT and ascorbic acid, while presenting relatively lower antimicrobial effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus spp. However, in an in vitro cellular model, CPE-1 significantly enhanced anti-inflammatory effects, including notable inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production, suppression of COX-2 and iNOS expression, and inhibition of ERK and JNK phosphorylation. Its antioxidant activity remained strong, exhibiting radical scavenging capabilities comparable to those of synthetic controls (BHT and ascorbic acid). HPLC analysis confirmed that bioconversion successfully modified the phytochemical profile of C. obtusa, yielding metabolites with enhanced potency while preserving stable, beneficial compounds like gallic acid. These findings collectively establish fungal biotransformation as an effective technology for upgrading plant-derived extracts into potent, multifunctional bioactive materials suitable for therapeutic or functional food applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb48010026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:50:21Z","timestamp":1766710221000},"page":"26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Bioconversion of Chamaecyparis obtusa Leaves with Phellinus linteus Mycelium Modulates Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2471-270X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soo Ah","family":"Jeong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"BK21 Program, Department of Medicinal Biosciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Human Bioscience Corp., 268 Chungwondaero, Chungju 27478, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0877-3920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Talukder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BK21 Program, Department of Medicinal Biosciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6026-1026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeong Hwan","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BK21 Program, Department of Medicinal Biosciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myeong Gwan","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BK21 Program, Department of Medicinal Biosciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Human Bioscience Corp., 268 Chungwondaero, Chungju 27478, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gi Hyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BK21 Program, Department of Medicinal Biosciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Human Bioscience Corp., 268 Chungwondaero, Chungju 27478, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9618-5956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beong Ou","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BK21 Program, Department of Medicinal Biosciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Human Bioscience Corp., 268 Chungwondaero, Chungju 27478, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2021.108926","article-title":"The Regulation of the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB and Nrf2\/HO-1 Signaling Pathways Is Involved in the Inhibition of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Reactions by Morroniside in RAW 264.7 Macrophages","volume":"706","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, C.-H., Kwon, Y.-J., and Jang, Y.-A. (2024). Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. Leaf Extract Fermented by Ganoderma applanatum Mycelia. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16030365"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mainous, A.G., Orlando, F.A., Yin, L., Sharma, P., Wu, V., and Saguil, A. (2024). Inflammation and Poverty as Individual and Combined Predictors of 15-Year Mortality Risk in Middle Aged and Older Adults in the US. Front. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1261083"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2025, April 08). Chronic Inflammation and Poverty Are a \u2018Double Whammy\u2019 for Mortality Risk\u2014UF Health. Available online: https:\/\/ufhealth.org\/news\/2024\/chronic-inflammation-and-poverty-are-a-double-whammy-for-mortality-risk."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, M.-Y., and Lu, J.-H. (2019). Autophagy and Macrophage Functions: Inflammatory Response and Phagocytosis. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010070"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.06.057","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Calycosin Glycoside on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in RAW 264.7 Cells","volume":"675","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/90609","article-title":"Toll-like Receptors: Critical Proteins Linking Innate and Acquired Immunity","volume":"2","author":"Akira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2014.05.014","article-title":"Cytokines and Chemokines: At the Crossroads of Cell Signalling and Inflammatory Disease","volume":"1843","author":"Turner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta BBA-Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R473","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00355.2012","article-title":"Reciprocal Regulation of the Nitric Oxide and Cyclooxygenase Pathway in Pathophysiology: Relevance and Clinical Implications","volume":"304","author":"Salvemini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7204","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23208","article-title":"Inflammatory Responses and Inflammation-Associated Diseases in Organs","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5178.142483","article-title":"Side-Effects of Topical Steroids: A Long Overdue Revisit","volume":"5","author":"Coondoo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2023.03.022","article-title":"A Comparison of Topical Corticosteroids and Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"11","author":"Pena","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, Y.-A., Kim, S.-G., Kim, H.-K., and Lee, J.-T. (2023). Biological Activity and Component Analyses of Chamaecyparis obtusa Leaf Extract: Evaluation of Antiwrinkle and Cell Protection Effects in UVA-Irradiated Cells. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59040755"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"405","article-title":"Alleviation Effects of Natural Volatile Organic Compounds from Pinus Densiflora and Chamaecyparis obtusa on Systemic and Pulmonary Inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Ahn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latif, R., and Nawaz, T. (2025). Medicinal Plants and Human Health: A Comprehensive Review of Bioactive Compounds, Therapeutic Effects, and Applications. Phytochem. Rev.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-025-10194-7"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s13237-022-00405-3","article-title":"Plant-Derived Natural Products for Drug Discovery: Current Approaches and Prospects","volume":"65","author":"Nasim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleus"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1080\/09540105.2022.2095986","article-title":"Cypress Tree (Chamaecyparis obtusa) Bark Extract Inhibits Melanogenesis through Repressing CREB and MITF Signalling Pathways in \u03b1-MSH-Stimulated B16F10 Cells","volume":"33","author":"Bayazid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Agric. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114493","article-title":"Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl. Leaf Extracts Prevent Inflammatory Responses via Inhibition of the JAK\/STAT Axis in RAW264.7 Cells","volume":"282","author":"Kwon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7095","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-021-11554-x","article-title":"Biotransformation Ability of Endophytic Fungi: From Species Evolution to Industrial Applications","volume":"105","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-024-00754-8","article-title":"Plant Endophytic Fungi Exhibit Diverse Biotransformation Pathways of Mogrosides and Show Great Potential Application in Siamenoside I Production","volume":"11","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioresour. Bioprocess."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1039\/D1CB00259G","article-title":"Laccase-Mediated Synthesis of Bioactive Natural Products and Their Analogues","volume":"3","author":"Cardullo","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1934578X19899765","article-title":"Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antiproliferative Activity of Mori Cortex Radicis Extracts","volume":"15","author":"Bayazid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jongrungraungchok, S., Madaka, F., Wunnakup, T., Sudsai, T., Pongphaew, C., Songsak, T., and Pradubyat, N. (2023). In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Activities of Mixture Thai Medicinal Plants. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-023-03862-8"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12046","article-title":"Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Antiproliferative Activity of A Ngelica Dahurica Root Extracts","volume":"38","author":"Pervin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00315-3","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity Applying an Improved ABTS Radical Cation Decolorization Assay","volume":"26","author":"Re","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-014-0271-5","article-title":"Evaluation of Synurus Deltoides for Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Proliferative Activities Using In Vitro Assays","volume":"23","author":"Hasnat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/S2222-1808(13)60099-7","article-title":"Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Vaccinium corymbosum L. Leaf Extract","volume":"3","author":"Pervin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bayazid, A.B., Jeong, S.A., Park, C.W., Kim, D.H., and Lim, B.O. (2022). The Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Fermented Curcuma That Contains Butyrate Mitigate DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27154745"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2024.2367559","article-title":"Neuroprotective Effects of Fermented Blueberry and Black Rice against Particulate Matter 2.5 \u039cm-Induced Inflammation In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"48","author":"Bayazid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.H., Kim, J., Jo, Y.C., Jo, Y.H., Jeong, Y.H., Jeong, S.A., Lim, B.O., and Shin, D.W. (2025). Enhanced Antioxidant and Protective Effects of Fermented Solanum melongena L. Peel Extracts Against Ultraviolet B-Induced Skin Damage. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050847"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"3357","article-title":"Production and Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Cancers","volume":"57","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(03)00088-8","article-title":"Characterisation of the Antioxidant Properties of De-Odourised Aqueous Extracts from Selected Lamiaceae Herbs","volume":"83","author":"Dorman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y.-R., Kim, G.-C., and Nam, S.-H. (2023). Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity of Chamaecyparis obtuse Extract for Use in Oral Herbal Medicine. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app131810236"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128702","article-title":"Phellinus linteus Polysaccharides: A Review on Their Preparation, Structure-Activity Relationships, and Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"258","author":"Kou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, R.S., Preto, M., Santos, G., Silva, A.M., Vasconcelos, V., and Martins, R. (2024). Exploring the Bioactive Potential of Pisolithus (Basidiomycota): Comprehensive Insights into Antimicrobial, Anticancer, and Antioxidant Properties for Innovative Applications. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12030450"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., Tan, H., Liu, Q., Zheng, X., Zhang, H., Liu, Y., and Xu, L. (2019). A Review: The Bioactivities and Pharmacological Applications of Phellinus linteus. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24101888"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.002","article-title":"Hepatoprotective Effect of Phellinus linteus Mycelia Polysaccharide (PL-N1) against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury in Mouse","volume":"154","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1","article-title":"Liquid Fermentation in Improving Functional Ingredients of Phellinus linteus","volume":"9","author":"Zia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acad. Ind. Res. JAIR"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J.-J., Li, Y., Zhou, T., Xu, D.-P., Zhang, P., Li, S., and Li, H.-B. (2016). Bioactivities and Health Benefits of Mushrooms Mainly from China. Molecules, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21070938"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"93","article-title":"Antioxidative Activity and Componential Analysis of Chamaecyparis obtusa Leaf Extract","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12149","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms150712149","article-title":"Nrf2-Mediated HO-1 Induction Coupled with the ERK Signaling Pathway Contributes to Indirect Antioxidant Capacity of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester in HepG2 Cells","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simu, S.Y., Alam, M.B., and Kim, S.Y. (2022). The Activation of Nrf2\/HO-1 by 8-Epi-7-Deoxyloganic Acid Attenuates Inflammatory Symptoms through the Suppression of the MAPK\/NF-\u03baB Signaling Cascade in In Vitro and In Vivo Models. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11091765"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhyari, D., Qinna, N.A., Sheldrake, H.M., Kantamneni, S., Ghanem, B.Y., and Paluch, K.J. (2025). Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Oral Bioavailability of Novel Sulfonamide Derivatives of Gallic Acid. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14040374"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, P., Zou, F., and Liu, W. (2025). Recent Advancement in Prevention against Hepatotoxicity, Molecular Mechanisms, and Bioavailability of Gallic Acid, a Natural Phenolic Compound: Challenges and Perspectives. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1549526"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-021-00268-6","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Quercetin in COVID-19 Treatment","volume":"18","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiang, M.-C., Tsai, T.-Y., and Wang, C.-J. (2023). The Potential Benefits of Quercetin for Brain Health: A Review of Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076328"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, F., Chen, C., Ni, D., Yang, Y., Tian, J., Li, Y., Chen, S., Ye, X., and Wang, L. (2023). Effects of Fermentation on Bioactivity and the Composition of Polyphenols Contained in Polyphenol-Rich Foods: A Review. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12173315"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, X., Dong, M., Liu, J., Guo, N., Li, J., Shi, Y., and Yang, Y. (2024). Fermentation: Improvement of Pharmacological Effects and Applications of Botanical Drugs. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1430238"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO02342F","article-title":"The Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Medicinal Fungi of the Genus Phellinus: A Review","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2008.03737.x","article-title":"Antioxidant Polyphenols from the Mycelial Culture of the Medicinal Fungi Inonotus xeranticus and Phellinus linteus","volume":"104","author":"Jung","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Current Issues in Molecular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/48\/1\/26\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T05:20:11Z","timestamp":1766812811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/48\/1\/26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["cimb48010026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cimb48010026","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-3045"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-3045","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]]}}}