{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:03:25Z","timestamp":1793045005496,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ondokuz May\u0131s University Scientific Research Fund","award":["PYO.SBF.1908.23.017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PYO.SBF.1908.23.017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>AflatoxinB1 (AFB1) is a hepatotoxic mycotoxin whose bioactivation by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes generates reactive metabolites that drive oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Propolis is a bee-derived product with antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties. To investigate whether propolis supplementation attenuates AFB1-induced hepatic injury by modulating inflammatory mediators, Nrf2\u2013HO-1 signaling, mitochondrial apoptosis, and CYP450 expression in rats, twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to four groups (n = 6): control, AFB1 (25 \u00b5g\/kg\/day), propolis (250 mg\/kg\/day), and AFB1 + propolis. Treatments were given by oral gavage for 28 days. Hepatic IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, Nrf2 and HO-1 levels were measured by ELISA. Histopathology was assessed on H&amp;E-stained sections. Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2C19 and cytochrome P450 reductase expressions were evaluated immunohistochemically and quantified by ImageJ. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey\u2019s post hoc test. AFB1 significantly increased hepatic IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6 and reduced Nrf2 levels, while propolis supplementation restored Nrf2, elevated HO-1 and significantly lowered IL-6 compared with AFB1 alone (p &lt; 0.05). AFB1 induced marked hydropic degeneration, sinusoidal congestion, and mononuclear infiltration, alongside increased Bax and caspase-3 and decreased Bcl-2 expression; these changes were largely reversed in propolis-treated groups. AFB1 upregulated CYP1A2, CYP3A4 and cytochrome P450 reductase, whereas propolis co-treatment significantly suppressed their expression without affecting CYP2C19. Propolis supplementation attenuated AFB1-induced liver injury through coordinated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and metabolic regulatory effects, notably via restoration of Nrf2\u2013HO-1 signaling and down-regulation of key CYP450 isoenzymes. Propolis may represent a promising natural dietary strategy against AFB1-associated hepatotoxicity, warranting further translational research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb48010056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T12:23:44Z","timestamp":1767356624000},"page":"56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Alleviation of Aflatoxin B1-Induced Hepatic Damage by Propolis: Effects on Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Expression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4524-8205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sevtap","family":"Kabal\u0131","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ondokuz May\u0131s University, 55020 Samsun, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6773-4963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neslihan","family":"\u00d6ner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2586-4756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayca","family":"Kara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bet\u00fcl Ziya Eren Genom and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Erciyes University, 38280 Kayseri, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9461-6428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehtap \u00dcnl\u00fc","family":"S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ondokuz May\u0131s University, 55020 Samsun, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9519-2814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zehra","family":"Elg\u00fcn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.14252\/foodsafetyfscj.2015026","article-title":"Aflatoxin Exposure and Associated Human Health Effects, a Review of Epidemiological Studies","volume":"4","author":"Gong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2011.575766","article-title":"Aflatoxins and growth impairment: A review","volume":"41","author":"Khlangwiset","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. 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