{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T23:52:10Z","timestamp":1769039530972,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ac\u0131badem University Scientific Research Projects Commission","award":["TTU-2023-2148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TTU-2023-2148"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although the impact of COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, may appear to have diminished in recent years, the emergence of new variants still continues to cause significant global health and economic challenges. While numerous metabolomic studies have explored serum-based alterations linked to the infection, investigations utilizing urine as a biological matrix remain notably limited. This gap is especially significant given the potential advantages of urine, a non-invasive and easily obtainable biofluid, in clinical settings. In the context of patients in intensive care units (ICUs), temporal monitoring through such non-invasive samples may offer a practical and effective approach for tracking disease progression and tailoring therapeutic interventions. This study retrospectively explored the longitudinal metabolomic alterations in COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU, stratified into three prognostic outcome groups: healthy discharged (HD), polyneuropathic syndrome (PS), and Exitus. A total of 32 urine samples, collected at four distinct time points per patient during April 2020 and preserved at \u221280 \u00b0C, were analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy for comprehensive metabolic profiling. Statistical evaluation using two-way ANOVA and ANOVA\u2013Simultaneous Component Analysis (ASCA) identified significant prognostic variations (p &lt; 0.05) in the levels of taurine, 3-hydroxyvaleric acid and formic acid. Complementary supervised classification via random forest modeling yielded moderate predictive performance with out-of-bag error rate of 40.6% based on prognostic categories. Particularly, taurine, 3-hydroxyvaleric acid and formic acid levels were highest in the PS group. However, no significant temporal changes were observed for any metabolite in analyses. Additionally, metabolic pathway analysis conducted using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database highlighted the \u201ctaurine and hypotaurine metabolism\u201d pathway as the most significantly affected (p &lt; 0.05) across prognostic classifications. Harnessing urinary metabolomics, as indicated in our preliminary study, could offer valuable insights into the dynamic metabolic responses of ICU patients, thereby facilitating more personalized and responsive critical care strategies in COVID-19 patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb48010112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T08:48:08Z","timestamp":1768985288000},"page":"112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Temporal Urinary Metabolomic Profiling in ICU Patients with Critical COVID-19: A Pilot Study Providing Insights into Prognostic Biomarkers via 1H-NMR Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6175-897X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emir","family":"Matpan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, 34752 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8814-7351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet Tarik","family":"Baykal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, 34752 Istanbul, Turkey"},{"name":"Acibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, 34752 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L\u00fctfi","family":"Telci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, and General Intensive Care, Acibadem International Hospital, 34149 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T\u00fcrker","family":"Kundak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, Acibadem International Hospital, 34149 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7868-7613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Serteser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, 34752 Istanbul, Turkey"},{"name":"Acibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, 34752 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, November 14). 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