{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:25:10Z","timestamp":1790652310880,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MEXT\u2019s Subsidy Program for Human Resource Development for Science and Technology"},{"name":"Initiative for Realizing Diversity in the Research Environment"},{"name":"Program for Developing the Next Generation of Aspiring Women Leaders at a Women\u2019s University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, the antifungal activity of medium-chain fatty acids with 8 to 11 carbon atoms in their chemical structures, medium-chain fatty acid lactones, and a partially fluorinated medium-chain fatty acid was determined. As the length of the alkyl chain increased in medium-chain fatty acids with 8 to 11 carbon atoms, the MIC and MFC became smaller, with increased antifungal activity (octanoic acid, 225 \u00b5g\/mL(MIC), 450 \u00b5g\/mL (MFC); nonanoic acid, 225 \u00b5g\/mL (MIC), 450 \u00b5g\/mL (MFC); decanoic acid, 112.5 \u00b5g\/mL (MIC), 225 \u00b5g\/mL (MFC); undecanoic acid, 112.5 \u00b5g\/mL (MIC), 225 \u00b5g\/mL (MFC)), whereas the antifungal activity of \u03b3-undecalactone, in which the carboxyl group of the medium-chain fatty acid with 11 carbon atoms was converted to a five-membered lactone ring, also had antifungal activity (\u03b3-undecalactone, 112.5 \u00b5g\/mL (MIC), 225 \u00b5g\/mL (MFC)). The antifungal activity of the partially fluorinated fatty acid with 11 carbon atoms and \u03b4-undecalactone was not observed and their MICs were not evaluated in this study. The equation derived through multiple regression analysis revealed that the polarizability value was significantly related to the MICs or MFCs of fatty acids containing 8 to 11 carbon atoms and \u03b3-undecalactone (R2 = 0.78, p &lt; 0.05). C. albicans cultured at 37 \u00b0C with \u03b3-undecalactone at the MIC formed hyphae or biofilms, which were observed using scanning electron microscopy in this study. Dead C. albicans were observed when cultured at 37 \u00b0C with \u03b3-undecalactone at the MFC, indicating that in order to demonstrate complete killing, C. albicans must be killed at or above the MFC of \u03b3-undecalactone when cultured at 37 \u00b0C. \u03b3-undecalactone exhibited no hemolytic activity at the MFC, similar to negative controls. Our results show that \u03b3-undecalactone has an antifungal effect against C. albicans over the MFC, without hemodialysis as the observed cytotoxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb48020150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T13:29:03Z","timestamp":1769693343000},"page":"150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antifungal Activity of Four Medium-Chain Fatty Acids and \u03b3-Undecalactone Against Candida albicans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Miyako","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women\u2019s University, 11-68 Koshien 9-Bancho, Nishinomiya City 663-8179, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Terada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FOODLIER Co., Ltd., 3-1 Kamiotsukashinden, Nasushiobara City 329-3134, Tochigi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saki","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women\u2019s University, 11-68 Koshien 9-Bancho, Nishinomiya City 663-8179, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamami","family":"Haraguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Meiwa-Hospital, 4-31 Kaminaruomachi, Nishinomiya City 663-8186, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayuko","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women\u2019s University, 11-68 Koshien 9-Bancho, Nishinomiya City 663-8179, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mana","family":"Yamashita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women\u2019s University, 11-68 Koshien 9-Bancho, Nishinomiya City 663-8179, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miki","family":"Yoshii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka City 536-8553, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiro","family":"Hatanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka City 536-8553, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihiro","family":"Nagao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 1-6-50 Morinomiya, Joto-ku, Osaka City 536-8553, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-009-2355-3","article-title":"Antibacterial free fatty acids: Activities, mechanisms of action and biotechnological potential","volume":"85","author":"Desbois","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. 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