{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T06:39:12Z","timestamp":1772692752677,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["131105\/2022-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["131105\/2022-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["132126\/2023-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["132126\/2023-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["303050\/2021-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303050\/2021-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel\u2014Brazil","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research foundation, FAPESP","award":["2018\/05006-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/05006-0"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research foundation, FAPESP","award":["2023\/2615-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/2615-4"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research foundation, FAPESP","award":["2023\/16415-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/16415-7"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe neuromuscular disorder caused by the absence of functional dystrophin, leading to progressive muscle degeneration, inflammation, and alterations in the central nervous system. The sustained inflammatory response in DMD increases glial activation and the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1), which contributes to muscle fiber damage. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of Etanercept, a TNF-\u03b1 receptor-blocking therapeutic, on the spinal cord of MDX mice, a widely used model of DMD. Methods: Adult male MDX and control C57BL\/10 mice received vehicle or Etanercept (3, 6, or 12 mg\/Kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)) every 72 h for two weeks, along with daily gait assessment. At the end of treatment, flow cytometry and immunolabeling analyses were performed in the lumbar spinal cord. Results: Etanercept at 12 mg\/Kg reduced astrogliosis and microglial activation; restored synaptic markers, including synaptophysin, glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD-65), and vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT-1); and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines. The treatment reduced GFAP+\/TNF-\u03b1+ astrocytes and significantly downregulated Th1 lymphocyte polarization in treated MDX mice. These cellular effects were accompanied by improvements in locomotor function. Conclusions: Together, our findings indicate that TNF-\u03b1 blockade by Etanercept exerts neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory actions in the spinal cord of dystrophic mice, providing new insights into the impact of TNF-\u03b1 signaling on neuroinflammatory processes in DMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb48030270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T12:48:56Z","timestamp":1772542136000},"page":"270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory and Synaptic Protective Effects of TNF-\u03b1 Inactivation in the MDX Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Anna Oller","family":"Bonani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valqu\u00edria","family":"Matheus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Therapies Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1338-3747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Laura Midori Rossi","family":"Tomiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4224-4575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre Leite Rodrigues","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nerve Regeneration, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32910-1","article-title":"Muscular dystrophies","volume":"394","author":"Mercuri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.3537","article-title":"Identifying Non-Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-Positive and False Negative Results in Prior Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Newborn Screening Programs: A Review","volume":"73","author":"Gatheridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-017-0631-3","article-title":"The burden, epidemiology, costs and treatment for Duchenne muscular dystrophy: An evidence review","volume":"12","author":"Ryder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orphanet J. 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