{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T16:07:00Z","timestamp":1772813220397,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"F\u00f6rderprogramm f\u00fcr Forschung und Lehre (F\u00f6FoLe) from the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t, Munich, Germany","award":["12\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12\/2019"]}]},{"name":"F\u00f6rderprogramm f\u00fcr Forschung und Lehre (F\u00f6FoLe) from the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t, Munich, Germany","award":["12\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12\/2021"]}]},{"name":"LMUexcellent Knowledge Transfer Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sildenafil, a selective phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor, supports vascular remodeling, but its effects on angiogenesis and regeneration of ischemic muscle tissue are not fully understood. We investigated the function of sildenafil by employing a murine hindlimb model of ischemia, in which ischemia and angiogenesis is induced by femoral artery ligation (FAL) in the lower leg of mice. Then, 7 days after FAL or sham operation, gastrocnemius muscles of sildenafil-treated and control mice were isolated and processed for histological and immunofluorescence analyses. Sildenafil treatment led to reduced apoptotic areas within the ischemic tissue (ascertained via TUNEL assay) and increased angiogenesis, evidenced by a higher capillary-to-muscle fiber ratio and an augmented number of proliferating capillary cells (CD31+\/CD45\u2212\/BrdU+), compared to controls. We observed a decrease in the total count of leukocytes (CD45+) in sildenafil-treated mice. Regarding macrophage infiltration, we found a reduced total number of macrophages (CD68+), along with a shift in macrophage polarization toward the pro-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory M2-like phenotype (CD68+\/MRC1+). In summary, we show that sildenafil treatment contributes to angiogenesis and the regeneration of ischemic muscle tissue, most likely by attenuating inflammatory responses and influencing macrophage polarization in direction to regenerative M2-like polarized macrophages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb48030283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T09:22:14Z","timestamp":1772788934000},"page":"283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Treatment with Sildenafil Promotes Angiogenesis and Modulates Immune Response in Ischemic Muscle Tissue"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Amelie","family":"Kuhs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Bobrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3734-3666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katharina","family":"Elbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, TUM University Hospital German Heart Center, 80636 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Partner Site Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"K\u00fcbler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"},{"name":"Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI) and Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Oral- and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"G\u00f6tz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3265-0027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Arnholdt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Lasch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2134-0966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Deindl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81377 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Biomedical Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2023.107489","article-title":"Peripheral arterial disease (PAD)\u2014A challenging manifestation of atherosclerosis","volume":"171","author":"Nordanstig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prev. 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