{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T21:35:37Z","timestamp":1773351337694,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":200,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heat stress (HS) occurs when animals are unable to effectively dissipate excess body heat, leading to increased core temperature and physiological imbalance. In mammals, HS negatively affects female reproduction. Infertility associated with HS is well documented in swine and is increasingly recognized in other mammals, including humans. HS disrupts several systemic processes that are essential for normal reproductive function, including endocrine regulation, nutrient metabolism, immune activity, and intestinal barrier integrity. Reduced feed intake and changes in metabolic hormones such as insulin and prolactin can impair ovarian function. Increased intestinal permeability during HS may allow bacterial endotoxins to enter the bloodstream, triggering inflammation that further compromises reproductive physiology. At the ovarian level, HS alters key cellular pathways involved in cell survival and metabolism, including Janus Kinase\/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK\u2013STAT), Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase\/Protein Kinase B (PI3K\/AKT), oxidative stress responses, autophagy, apoptosis, and heat shock protein expression. These changes disrupt follicular development, hormone production, oocyte quality, and corpus luteum function, resulting in reduced conception rates and increased embryonic loss. This review summarizes current knowledge of systemic and ovarian mechanisms by which HS impairs female reproduction in pigs and identifies areas requiring further investigation to improve fertility under increasing environmental temperatures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb48030304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T09:23:03Z","timestamp":1773307383000},"page":"304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Systemic Stress to Ovarian Failure: Heat Stress-Induced Infertility in Pigs as a Model for Reproductive Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1117-7867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramanathan","family":"Kasimanickam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7742-8254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joao C. P.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University-UNESP, Botucatu 18618-81, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4607-3355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John P.","family":"Kastelic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60935-1","article-title":"Managing the health effects of climate change: Lancet and University College London Institute for Global Health Commission","volume":"373","author":"Costello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01208-3","article-title":"Hot weather and heat extremes: Health risks","volume":"398","author":"Ebi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/2017EF000709","article-title":"Global, regional, and megacity trends in the highest temperature of the year: Diagnostics and evidence for accelerating trends","volume":"6","author":"Papalexiou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12581","article-title":"Climate variability and vulnerability to climate change: A review","volume":"20","author":"Thornton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. 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