{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T11:35:02Z","timestamp":1773747302080,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011755","name":"National Center for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LIDER\/41\/0206\/L-12\/20\/NCBR\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIDER\/41\/0206\/L-12\/20\/NCBR\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011755","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011755","name":"National Center for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LIDER\/0066\/L-15\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIDER\/0066\/L-15\/2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011755","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains one of the most aggressive breast cancer subtypes and is associated with limited therapeutic options, underscoring the urgent need for novel treatment strategies. In this study, a library of seventeen 1,3,5-triazine derivatives potentially targeting TNBC was developed using an activity-based approach. Compounds were synthesized via an ultrasound-assisted protocol, providing an efficient and environmentally friendly methodology. The synthesized library was evaluated in vitro against the human TNBC cell lines MDA-MB-468, MDA-MB-231, and Hs578T, as well as the non-tumorigenic epithelial cell line MCF10A. Compounds 9 and 17 exhibited the most promising antiproliferative activity against TNBC cell lines (MDA-MB-468: IC50 = 36.62 \u00b5M for 9 and 38.29 \u00b5M for 17; MDA-MB-231: IC50 = 37.32 \u00b5M for 9 and 32.86 \u00b5M for 17; Hs578T: IC50 = 57.26 \u00b5M for 9 and 34.87 \u00b5M for 17), while maintaining acceptable selectivity toward non-cancerous cells. The lead compounds were further assessed in vivo using a Danio rerio model to evaluate general toxicity and cardiotoxicity. In addition, ADME parameters were predicted for all compounds using biomimetic chromatography. Overall, compounds 9 and 17 emerged as promising small-molecule candidates for TNBC treatment, requiring further toxicological evaluation in more human-relevant in vivo models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb48030319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T10:21:41Z","timestamp":1773742901000},"page":"319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis and Biological Profiling of 1,3,5-Triazine Derivatives with Antiproliferative Activity in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6850-337X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Bosak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska Street, 31-155 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4629-2059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Karolina","family":"Drabczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska Street, 31-155 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"Ja\u015bkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska Street, 31-155 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martyna","family":"Stachowicz-Suhs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Weigla Street, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Innate Immunity Research Group, Life Sciences and Biotechnology Center, \u0141ukasiewicz Research Network-PORT Polish Center for Technology Development, 147 Stab\u0142owicka Street, 54-066 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2910-5642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Filip-Psurska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Anticancer Therapy, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Weigla Street, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2203-1636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Boguszewska-Czubara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chod\u017aki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna Ewa","family":"Greber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 107 General Jozef Haller Avenue, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6187-6039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzesimir","family":"Ciura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 107 General Jozef Haller Avenue, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8779-4170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damian","family":"Ku\u0142aga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska Street, 31-155 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2020.188431","article-title":"Exosomes as Biomarkers of Human and Feline Mammary Tumours; A Comparative Medicine Approach to Unravelling the Aggressiveness of TNBC","volume":"1874","author":"Howard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. 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