{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:19:27Z","timestamp":1785417567389,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Prime Step Innovation Development Grant Program for The IPB University Lectures","award":["39064\/IT3.1\/HK.07.00\/P\/T\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["39064\/IT3.1\/HK.07.00\/P\/T\/2025"]}]},{"award":["39064\/IT3.1\/HK.07.00\/P\/T\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["39064\/IT3.1\/HK.07.00\/P\/T\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05smgpd89","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammation is an immune response to foreign substances, pathogens, and cellular damage, characterized by redness, pain, and swelling. The use of synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs may cause adverse side effects, prompting the need for natural alternatives. This study aimed to evaluate the total flavonoid content and anti-inflammatory activity of single and combined extracts of sembung (Blumea balsamifera) [S], binahong (Anredera cordifolia) [B], and meniran (Phyllanthus niruri) [M] leaves. Extraction was performed using a 70% ethanol and water solution. Total flavonoid content was determined spectrophotometrically using quercetin as the standard. LC-HR-MS\/MS results showed the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolics, and amino acids in each single extract (S, B, and M). Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed through the inhibition of albumin denaturation and the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The highest flavonoid content (35.27 mg QE\/g DW) in single extracts was found in B of the ethanolic extract, while the highest flavonoid content (40.24 mg QE\/g DW) in all formulations was discovered in a combination of the ethanolic extract S:B:M (1:0:1). Moreover, the ethanolic extract S:B:M (1:0:1) gave the strongest inhibition (76.47%) of the albumin denaturation at 300 \u00b5g\/mL and the strongest inhibition (98.5%) of the COX-2 inhibition at 100 \u00b5g\/mL. Sembung extract was highest for reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and TNF-\u03b1 was 97.66% at an extract concentration of 15.625 ppm. As for S, S:B:M (1:0:1) and S:B:M (1:1:1) can reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as IL-6 was 100% in 0 pg\/mL at an extract concentration of 15.625 ppm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb48040405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T14:02:33Z","timestamp":1776261753000},"page":"405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Formulation of Blumea balsamifera, Anredera cordifolia, and Phyllanthus niruri Extracts as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Siti Martinah","family":"Pajriah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5776-4959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dyah","family":"Iswantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"},{"name":"Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University, Bogor 16128, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henny","family":"Purwaningsih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Banaz","family":"Jalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy Group, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Rahminiwati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9570-3750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Novriyandi","family":"Hanif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7204","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23208","article-title":"Inflammatory Responses and Inflammation-Associated Diseases in Organs","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3329\/bjp.v12i1.28714","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Anredera cordifolia and Piper crocatum Extracts on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Macrophage Cell Line","volume":"12","author":"Laksmitawati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bangladesh J. 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