{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T09:18:32Z","timestamp":1778750312056,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The research investigates synthetic hydroxytyrosol (HT) antiviral properties against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses using in silico and in vitro methods. Molecular docking and ADMET analyses suggested favorable interactions of HT with ceramide and sphingomyelin (binding energies of \u22126.0 and \u22125.9 kcal\/mol, respectively). Favorable predicted pharmacokinetics and safety profiles were also observed. In vitro tests provided preliminary evidence of the dose- and time-dependent virucidal effect of HT against several enveloped viruses, including HSV-1, West Nile virus, SARS-CoV-2 and various influenza A subtypes, which resulted in substantial viral load decreases at 1000 \u00b5g\/mL. The viral titer of the measles virus decreased by 4.62 log10 units during the 2 h of exposure. No virucidal activity was observed against the non-enveloped bovine rotavirus. Overall, these findings suggest that hydroxytyrosol may represent a promising candidate for further investigation as a virucidal agent, particularly against enveloped viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb48050481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T10:01:30Z","timestamp":1777975290000},"page":"481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring Hydroxytyrosol as a Promising Virucidal Agent: In Silico and In Vitro Insights into Enveloped Viruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4405-0271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanan El","family":"Ouadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mohammed VI Center of Research and Innovation (CM6RI), Rabat 10100, Morocco"},{"name":"Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Institut Agronomique et V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Hassan II, Rabat 10100, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6140-5373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zineb","family":"Rhazzar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Virology and Onco-Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Mohammed V University of Rabat, Rabat 10100, Morocco"},{"name":"Biomedical and Epidemiology Research Unit (URBE), Center for Virology, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Mohammed V Military Training Hospital, Rabat 10100, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Poddesu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ViroStatics srl, Viale Umberto I, 46, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boutaina","family":"Addoum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology and Medical Research Unit, National Center for Energy, 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Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"De Forni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ViroStatics srl, Viale Umberto I, 46, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0479-4103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Nyabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Applied Molecular Technologies (CTMA), Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7749-573X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Luc","family":"Gala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Applied Molecular Technologies (CTMA), Institute of Clinical and Experimental Research, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7812-0641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elmostafa El","family":"Fahime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mohammed VI Center of Research and Innovation (CM6RI), Rabat 10100, Morocco"},{"name":"Departement LARMIAS, Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health (UM6SS), Casablanca 20370, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saber","family":"Boutayeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mohammed VI Center of Research and Innovation (CM6RI), Rabat 10100, Morocco"},{"name":"Departement LARMIAS, Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health (UM6SS), Casablanca 20370, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1464-6649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lahcen","family":"Belyamani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mohammed VI Center of 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