{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:59:11Z","timestamp":1785437951666,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Anhui Provincial First-Class Professional Construction-Biotechnology 162","award":["960303042203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["960303042203"]}]},{"name":"SuZhou University Teaching Research Project","award":["szxy2025jyjf19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["szxy2025jyjf19"]}]},{"award":["szxy2025jyjf19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["szxy2025jyjf19"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02bz8aa76","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Higher Education Research Project of Anhui Provincial Education Department","award":["2025AHGXSK50123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025AHGXSK50123"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although previous studies have indicated that heme oxygenase 1 (HO1\/HY1) regulates the flowering time via the photoperiod pathway, the specific mechanism is still elusive. Here, we found that the Arabidopsis hy1-100 mutant displayed early flowering, and the characteristic expression patterns of several master genes involved in the autonomous pathway were altered. Notably, the transcript levels of FLOWERING LOCUS C (AtFLC) gene declined developmentally in both wild-type and hy1-100 mutant, with a more pronounced fold reduction observed in the mutant. Genetic evidence further underlined that hy1-100\/FLCOE plants partially reversed the early flowering phenomenon of hy1-100 mutant, suggesting that AtHO1 regulated flowering at least partially through the AtFLC-involved autonomous pathway, as supported by changes in FLOWERING LOCUS T (AtFT) and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO1 (AtSOC1) transcripts. Further analysis of hy1-100\/ft mutants revealed that hy1-100\/ft and ft mutants displayed similar late flowering phenotypes, accompanied by downregulated APETALA1 (AtAP1) and AtSOC1, indicating that AtFT played a crucial role in AtHO1-regulated flowering. Two key conclusions are drawn: first, the loss of AtHO1 function promotes early flowering in Arabidopsis, which was genetically linked to the autonomous pathway regulating AtFLC expression; second, AtFT was an essential downstream factor mediating AtHO1-regulated flowering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb48060587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T02:37:26Z","timestamp":1780454246000},"page":"587","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The AtFLC-AtFT Pathway Is Involved in the Early Flowering Promoted by Loss of AtHO1 Function in Arabidopsis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Quan","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Promotion Center for Technology Achievements Transfer, Anhui Academy of Science and Technology, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biology, Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4081-0916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Promotion Center for Technology Achievements Transfer, Anhui Academy of Science and Technology, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Promotion Center for Technology Achievements Transfer, Anhui Academy of Science and Technology, Hefei 230031, China"},{"name":"School of Biological and Food Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou 234000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuwen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Promotion Center for Technology Achievements Transfer, Anhui Academy of Science and Technology, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.015958","article-title":"Multiple pathways in the decision to flower: Enabling, promoting, and resetting","volume":"16","author":"Boss","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-011-0673-y","article-title":"Regulation of flowering time: All roads lead to rome","volume":"68","author":"Srikanth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Mol. 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