{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T02:35:16Z","timestamp":1792118116427,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004960","name":"Autonomous University of the State of Mexico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["6784\/2022CIC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6784\/2022CIC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004960","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004960","name":"Autonomous University of the State of Mexico","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["7208\/2025CIC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7208\/2025CIC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004960","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pathogenicity islands (PAIs) are regions of bacterial genomes that harbor genes encoding virulence factors. Identifying molecules that enhance pathogenicity is crucial for understanding the mechanisms pathogens employ to cause disease and their evolution. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (C. pseudotuberculosis) is a pathogenic microorganism that causes caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) in sheep and goats. Despite its prevalence in Mexico, its genetic material has not been analyzed for virulence factors acquired through horizontal gene transfer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the complete genomes of Mexican C. pseudotuberculosis strains and identify virulence-related genes harbored with PAIs. Seventeen strains of C.pseudotuberculosis biovar ovis isolated from Mexico were whole-genome sequenced using illumina technology, assembled de novo with SPAdes, and annotated using Prokka. PAIs were predicted with GIPSy based on genomic signatures associated with horizontal gene transfer, including G + C deviation, codon usage, virulence factors, transposases, and tRNA-flanking regions. Positive selection was assessed using POTION v1.2 by identifying orthologous groups enriched in non-synonymous substitutions. This represents the first comprehensive PAI analysis of Mexican C. pseudotuberculosis strains, identifying 14 putative pathogenicity islands harboring 51 virulence-associated genes. Additionally, positive selection analysis identified five coding sequences, including radA and rpiB, that are undergoing adaptive evolutionary changes. These findings elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms and genomic plasticity of Mexican C. pseudotuberculosis strains. They also highlight novel genetic targets for vaccine and therapeutic development against CLA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb48060598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T08:43:04Z","timestamp":1780648984000},"page":"598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Genomic Characterization and Pathogenicity Island Analysis of 17 Mexican Isolates of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis biovar ovis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0075-3334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mabel Gethsemani","family":"Jaimes-Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Advanced Studies in Animal Health Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomy University of the State of Mexico, Km 15.5 Toluca Pan-American Highway Atlacomulco, Toluca C.P. 50200, State of Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9994-0948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Montes-de-Oca-Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Advanced Studies in Animal Health Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomy University of the State of Mexico, Km 15.5 Toluca Pan-American Highway Atlacomulco, Toluca C.P. 50200, State of Mexico, Mexico"},{"name":"Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz School, Autonomy University of the State of Mexico, Amecameca, Amecameca de Juarez C.P. 56900, State of Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7653-3231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha Elba","family":"Ruiz-Riva-Palacio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz School, Autonomy University of the State of Mexico, Amecameca, Amecameca de Juarez C.P. 56900, State of Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9419-9572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Arteaga-Troncoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Cell Development, National Institute of Perinatology, Chapultepec Hills Sec. IV, Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City C.P. 11000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2901-4740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Pablo","family":"Acosta-Dibarrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Advanced Studies in Animal Health Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomy University of the State of Mexico, Km 15.5 Toluca Pan-American Highway Atlacomulco, Toluca C.P. 50200, State of Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1921-0967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar Eliana","family":"Rivadeneira-Barreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Technical University of Manabi, Urbina Avenue, Portoviejo C.P. 130105, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3496-8816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo Cleomenes","family":"Zambrano-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Technical University of Manabi, Urbina Avenue, Portoviejo C.P. 130105, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8821-5900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan Israel","family":"Zavala-Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Advanced Studies in Animal Health Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomy University of the State of Mexico, Km 15.5 Toluca Pan-American Highway Atlacomulco, Toluca C.P. 50200, State of Mexico, Mexico"},{"name":"Chimalhuacan General Hospital, IMSS-Wellness, Av. Del Pe\u00f1on Mza. 400 Lt. 1 Canteros Neighborhood, Chimalhuacan C.P. 56330, State of Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7299-3724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siomar","family":"de Castro Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Av. Frei Paulino, 30-Nossa Sra. da Abadia, Uberaba C.P. 38025-180, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5865-3651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor Augusto","family":"Sallum Ceballos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Av. Frei Paulino, 30-Nossa Sra. da Abadia, Uberaba C.P. 38025-180, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6511-6595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Sanchez-Aparicio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Advanced Studies in Animal Health Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomy University of the State of Mexico, Km 15.5 Toluca Pan-American Highway Atlacomulco, Toluca C.P. 50200, State of Mexico, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4775-2280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasco Ariston","family":"de Carvalho Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte C.P. 31270, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2005056","article-title":"Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: Microbiology, biochemical properties, pathogenesis and molecular studies of virulence","volume":"37","author":"Dorella","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz, H., Ferrer, L.M., Ramos, J.J., Baselga, C., Alzuguren, O., Tejedor, M.T., de Miguel, R., and Lacasta, D. (2020). The Relevance of Caseous Lymphadenitis as a Cause of Culling in Adult Sheep. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10111962"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2026, January 12). Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. 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