{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T07:58:00Z","timestamp":1787990280565,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005844","name":"Diponegoro University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["O1\/UN7.F4\/PP\/III\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["O1\/UN7.F4\/PP\/III\/2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005844","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["O1\/UN7.F4\/PP\/III\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["O1\/UN7.F4\/PP\/III\/2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/056bjta22","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study compared the temporal effects of traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes on lung health in male Rattus norvegicus over 8- and 12-week periods. Thirty rats were evaluated for tracheal\/alveolar histopathology and systemic markers (IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, SOD-3, MDA). Chronic cigarette exposure (12 weeks) and nicotine aerosol (8 weeks) significantly suppressed weight gain, while ascorbic acid aerosol caused less growth inhibition. At 8 weeks, cigarette exposure (K3) induced adaptive tracheal mucosal thickening (66.88 \u00b1 17.92 \u00b5m vs. 52.40 \u00b1 2.63 \u00b5m in control K1), increased goblet cells (4.2 \u00b1 2.44 N\/mm), elevated SOD-3 (12.75 \u00b1 1.10 pg\/mL), and initiated emphysematous alveolar expansion (469.77 \u00b1 91.31 \u00b5m vs. 202.03 \u00b1 29.38 \u00b5m in K1 in K1). Conversely, 12-week cigarette smoke (K4) triggered epithelial exhaustion, significantly thinning the tracheal mucosa (34.65 \u00b1 6.55 \u00b5m) and elevating systemic IL-6 (11.45 \u00b1 1.17 pg\/mL vs. 8.43 \u00b1 0.88 pg\/mL in control K2). Notably, chronic electronic ascorbic acid aerosolization (K6) preserved localized alveolar structural layouts and limited septal thickening compared with nicotine groups. However, it failed to suppress systemic inflammation, as evidenced by elevated IL-6 levels. In conclusion, while ascorbic acid aerosols moderate localized parenchymal destruction compared to nicotine, chronic aerosol exposure accelerates systemic immune activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb48060618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T05:46:28Z","timestamp":1781588788000},"page":"618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Temporal Effects of Cigarette Smoke and Phytochemical-Based E-Liquid Aerosols on Tracheo-Alveolar Histopathology and the IL-6\/TNF-\u03b1 Molecular Signaling Axis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1187-1245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Awal","family":"Prasetyo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7553-0850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dora","family":"Maftikhati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Levina","family":"Athaya Anarizta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazhira Ghina","family":"Setyawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anindha","family":"Waradita Putri Yuwono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Meutia Saleha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farahdita Ramadhanti Annisa","family":"Mukti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermawan","family":"Istiadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udadi","family":"Sadhana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3569-9571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fathur","family":"Nur Kholis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kariadi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2021). 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