{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T07:51:51Z","timestamp":1781596311765,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypertension remains a major driver of multi-organ damage, including cardiac remodeling and hepatic complications. The ketone body \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) has emerged as a potential metabolic signaling molecule with anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigated whether BHB attenuates cardiac stress and hepatic injury in a salt-sensitive hypertensive model. Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats were fed a high-salt (HS) diet combined with a choline-deficient diet to induce cardiac inflammation and hepatic fibrosis. Rats received either BHB or a control vehicle. We found that BHB significantly suppressed hepatic lipid accumulation and fibrotic markers, including TGF-\u03b2 and collagen III mRNA, even under severe dietary stress. In the heart, BHB attenuated the expression of inflammatory markers (TNF-\u03b1 and ANP) despite the persistence of high systolic blood pressure. These results demonstrate that BHB exerts direct organ-protective effects through anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic actions that are independent of robust blood pressure reduction. Our findings suggest that BHB could be a promising metabolic intervention for managing multi-organ complications in hypertensive patients with metabolic comorbidities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb48060620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T05:46:28Z","timestamp":1781588788000},"page":"620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate Attenuates Cardiac Inflammation and Hepatic Fibrosis in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7761-1688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoyasu","family":"Ito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo Medical University, Kobe 650-8530, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eri","family":"Manabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiyuki","family":"Shikata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Hyogo Medical University Hospital, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kojiro","family":"Takamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Hyogo Medical University Hospital, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhei","family":"Kobuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo Medical University, Kobe 650-8530, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0244-2","article-title":"The global epidemiology of hypertension","volume":"16","author":"Mills","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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