{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T01:53:47Z","timestamp":1781747627229,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Invasive candidiasis caused by drug-resistant Candida species represents a critical global health challenge, with few novel therapeutic scaffolds under development. Here, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using a 21-day fermented Chun Mee kombucha tea extract (K-AgNPs) and characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. LC-MS\/MS profiling of the kombucha substrate documented a phytochemical landscape dominated by epigallocatechin (up to 122,631 \u00b5g\/mL) and epigallocatechin gallate (up to 415 \u00b5g\/mL), with a progressive ~80% decline in epicatechin and concomitant increases in gallic acid and chlorogenic acid across the 21-day fermentation. K-AgNPs obtained were spherical, 19.4 nm (\u00b17.9 nm SD) in diameter, with a surface plasmon resonance peak at 415 nm. FTIR confirmed phenolic, carboxylate, and glycosidic surface capping. Antifungal susceptibility testing against eight Candida species, including the WHO critical\u2013priority pathogen Candidozyma auris, showed concordant minimum inhibitory and minimum fungicidal concentrations of 0.80\u20131.60 \u00b5g\/mL, confirming fungicidal activity. In vivo evaluation in Galleria mellonella larvae across six infection models demonstrated that K-AgNP treatment at the species-specific MIC significantly improved larval survival versus untreated infected controls (p &lt; 0.01\u20130.001), while nanoparticle-only groups maintained \u226598% survival, indicating negligible toxicity. Co-treatment amplified total hemocyte mobilization, and K-AgNP-only larvae maintained hemocyte viability above 96% at all time points, indistinguishable from negative controls. Together, these findings demonstrate antifungal activity of K-AgNPs across the genus Candida in standardized in vitro and in vivo settings and provide justification for further investigation, including head-to-head comparison against licensed antifungals and physicochemical validation of nanoparticle stability under assay conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb48060634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:49:42Z","timestamp":1781743782000},"page":"634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Kombucha-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles with Fungicidal Activity Against WHO-Priority Candida Pathogens: In Vitro and Galleria mellonella Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7055-2113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Razvan Vlad","family":"Opris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3930-5920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan Alexandru","family":"Toc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1316-0137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina Mihaela","family":"Baciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioana Alina","family":"Colosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6099-4631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vlad Sever","family":"Neculicioiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6559-9740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca","family":"Onaciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of NanoSciences, MedFUTURE\u2014Institute for Biomedical Research, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2927-4622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristian-Silviu","family":"Moldovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of NanoSciences, MedFUTURE\u2014Institute for Biomedical Research, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4865-0777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana-Maria","family":"Vlase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babe\u0219 Street, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2640-0072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Costache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0898-7626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian","family":"Florea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, \u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine & Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e428","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00692-8","article-title":"Global incidence and mortality of severe fungal disease","volume":"24","author":"Denning","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026, March 02). WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Public Health Action. Available online: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/363682\/9789240060241-eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(24)00042-9","article-title":"The WHO fungal priority pathogens list: A crucial reappraisal to review the prioritisation","volume":"5","author":"Casalini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes, J.F. (2024). Candida auris: Epidemiology Update and a Review of Strategies to Prevent Spread. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13226675"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallick, D.C., Kaushik, N., Goyal, L., Mallick, L., and Singh, P. (2025). A Comprehensive Review of Candidemia and Invasive Candidiasis in Adults: Focus on the Emerging Multidrug-Resistant Fungus Candida auris. Diseases, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases13040093"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giammarino, A., Verdolini, L., Simonetti, G., and Angiolella, L. (2025). Fungal Biofilm: An Overview of the Latest Nano-Strategies. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14070718"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.106229","article-title":"Attributable mortality of candidemia\u2014Results from the ECMM Candida III multinational European Observational Cohort Study","volume":"89","author":"Cornely","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlJindan, R., and AlEraky, D.M. (2022). Silver Nanoparticles: A Promising Antifungal Agent against the Growth and Biofilm Formation of the Emergent Candida auris. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8070744"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mussin, J., and Giusiano, G. (2022). Biogenic silver nanoparticles as antifungal agents. Front. Chem., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.1023542"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nkosi, N.C., Basson, A.K., Ntombela, Z.G., Dlamini, N.G., and Pullabhotla, R.V.S.R. (2024). Green Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Silver Nanoparticles Using Bioflocculant: A Review. Bioengineering, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11050492"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-025-00658-9","article-title":"Kombucha Tea: A Functional Beverage and All its Aspects","volume":"14","author":"Onsun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19187","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03545-z","article-title":"Functional metabolites and inhibitory efficacy of kombucha beverage on pathogenic bacteria, free radicals and inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Cheepchirasuk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2504012","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2504.04012","article-title":"Isolation and Purification of Antibacterial Compound from Kombucha of SCOBY","volume":"35","author":"Nam","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitwetcharoen, H., Phung, L.T., Klanrit, P., Thanonkeo, S., Tippayawat, P., Yamada, M., and Thanonkeo, P. (2023). Kombucha Healthy Drink\u2014Recent Advances in Production, Chemical Composition and Health Benefits. Fermentation, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation9010048"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2023.103270","article-title":"Microbiology and antimicrobial effects of kombucha: A short overview","volume":"56","author":"Corbo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsilo, P.H., Basson, A.K., Ntombela, Z.G., Dlamini, N.G., and Pullabhotla, V.S.R.R. (2024). Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Nanoparticles from a Bioflocculant Produced by Pichia kudriavzevii Isolated from Kombucha Tea SCOBY. Bioengineering, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11111091"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1039\/D1NA00509J","article-title":"Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using green tea leaf extract, characterization and evaluation of antimicrobial activity","volume":"4","author":"Widatalla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alowaiesh, B.F., Alhaithloul, H.A.S., Saad, A.M., and Hassanin, A.A. (2023). Green Biogenic of Silver Nanoparticles Using Polyphenolic Extract of Olive Leaf Wastes with Focus on Their Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activities. Plants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants12061410"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giammarino, A., Bellucci, N., and Angiolella, L. (2024). Galleria mellonella as a Model for the Study of Fungal Pathogens: Advantages and Disadvantages. Pathogens, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13030233"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marena, G.D., Thomaz, L., Nosanchuk, J.D., and Taborda, C.P. (2025). Galleria mellonella as an Invertebrate Model for Studying Fungal Infections. J. Fungi, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11020157"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2017.1382799","article-title":"Of mice and men and larvae: Galleria mellonella to model the early host-pathogen interactions after fungal infection","volume":"9","author":"Borman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jemel, S., Guillot, J., Kallel, K., Botterel, F., and Dannaoui, E. (2020). Galleria mellonella for the Evaluation of Antifungal Efficacy against Medically Important Fungi, a Narrative Review. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030390"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"The Kombucha Shop (2023, May 15). Kombucha SCOBY & Starter. Available online: https:\/\/www.thekombuchashop.com\/products\/kombucha-scoby."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2021.101552","article-title":"Moringa oleifera Leaves Ethanolic Extract Ameliorates High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats","volume":"33","author":"Alkafafy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. King Saud. Univ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-023-02470-z","article-title":"Extraction and Quantification of Moringa oleifera Leaf Powder Extracts by HPLC and FTIR","volume":"16","author":"Khalid","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5346279","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5346279","article-title":"Optimization of Phenolic Compound Extraction from Chinese Moringa Oleifera Leaves and Antioxidant Activities","volume":"2019","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Qual."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liga, S., Magyari-Pavel, I.Z., Avram, \u0218., Minda, D.I., Vlase, A.-M., Muntean, D., Vlase, L., Moac\u0103, E.-A., and Danciu, C. (2025). Comparative Analysis of Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaves Ethanolic Extracts: Effects of Extraction Methods on Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and in Ovo Profile. Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14111653"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Opris, R.V., Toma, V., Baciu, A.M., Moldovan, R., Dume, B., Berghian-Sevastre, A., Moldovan, B., Clichici, S., David, L., and Filip, G.A. (2021). Neurobehavioral and Ultrastructural Changes Induced by Phytosynthesized Silver-Nanoparticle Toxicity in an In Vivo Rat Model. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12010058"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing\u2014EUCAST (2025, February 02). Method for the Determination of Broth Dilution Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of Antifungal Agents for Yeasts. Available online: https:\/\/www.eucast.org\/fileadmin\/src\/media\/PDFs\/EUCAST_files\/AFST\/Files\/EUCAST_E.Def_7.4_Yeast_definitive_revised_2023.pdf."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"(2025, January 20). Nevertebrate.ro. Available online: https:\/\/www.nevertebrate.ro\/galleria-mellonella-mari-18g-aprox40-buc-35384."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Randomness and Integrity Services Ltd (2025, January 30). RANDOM.ORG\u2014True Random Number Service. Available online: https:\/\/www.random.org\/."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2006.05.032","article-title":"Changes in content of organic acids and tea polyphenols during kombucha tea fermentation","volume":"102","author":"Jayabalan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, J., Tan, Q., Tang, Q., Tong, Z., and Yang, M. (2023). Research progress on alternative kombucha substrate transformation and the resulting active components. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1254014"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2018.5141","article-title":"Green synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles by the main reduction component of green tea (Camellia sinensis L.)","volume":"13","author":"Ahmadikhah","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan Afandy, H., Sabir, D.K., and Aziz, S.B. (2023). Antibacterial Activity of the Green Synthesized Plasmonic Silver Nanoparticles with Crystalline Structure against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13081327"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malik, M.A., Batterjee, M.G., Kamli, M.R., Alzahrani, K.A., Danish, E.Y., and Nabi, A. (2022). Polyphenol-Capped Biogenic Synthesis of Noble Metallic Silver Nanoparticles for Antifungal Activity against Candida auris. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8060639"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3759","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-021-11296-w","article-title":"Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized by iturin against Candida albicans in vitro and in vivo","volume":"105","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-025-02030-1","article-title":"Within and Beyond the MIC: Unveiling the Antifungal Potency of Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Against Clinical Isolates of Candida albicans","volume":"15","author":"Sordo","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioNanoScience"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-025-00680-y","article-title":"Investigation of antifungal and antibiofilm activities of green synthesized silver nanoparticles against Candida glabrata","volume":"38","author":"Ahamad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34645","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-19831-9","article-title":"Anticandidal activity of greenly synthesized silver nanoparticles formulated using Alkanna tinctoria roots against multidrug resistant candidal pathogens","volume":"15","author":"Alnahdi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.06.007","article-title":"How to interpret MICs of antifungal compounds according to the revised clinical breakpoints v. 10.0 European committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (EUCAST)","volume":"26","author":"Arendrup","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2010.09.002","article-title":"CLSI Subcommittee for Antifungal Susceptibility Testing. Wild-type MIC distributions, epidemiological cutoff values and species-specific clinical breakpoints for fluconazole and Candida: Time for harmonization of CLSI and EUCAST broth microdilution methods","volume":"13","author":"Pfaller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updat."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2025.07.002","article-title":"How to interpret MICs of amphotericin B, echinocandins and flucytosine against Candida auris (Candidozyma auris) according to the newly established European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) breakpoints","volume":"32","author":"Arendrup","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Astvad, K.M.T., Arikan-Akdagli, S., and Arendrup, M.C. (2022). A Pragmatic Approach to Susceptibility Classification of Yeasts without EUCAST Clinical Breakpoints. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8020141"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2025.111710","article-title":"Potential synergistic antifungal activity of microbially synthesized silver nanoparticles and vitamin D3 against Candida albicans: In vitro and Galleria mellonella model studies","volume":"264","author":"Khodavandi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomaz, L., Gustavo de Almeida, L., Silva, F.R.O., Cortez, M., Taborda, C.P., and Spira, B. (2020). In vivo Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection in Galleria mellonella. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.582107"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6870","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.3c00390","article-title":"Antifungal Activity of Nontoxic Nanocomposite Based on Silver and Reduced Graphene Oxide against Dermatophytes and Candida spp.","volume":"9","author":"Gottardo","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2025.111511","article-title":"The use of Galleria mellonella in metal nanoparticle development: A systematic review","volume":"415","author":"Opris","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, M.-N., Li, L., Pan, W., Zheng, H.-X., Wang, M.-L., Peng, X.-M., Dai, S.-Q., Tang, Y.-M., Zeng, K., and Huang, X.-W. (2021). Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Prime a Protective Immune Response in Galleria mellonella to Defend Against Candida albicans. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.766138"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.25906","article-title":"An analysis of the structural and functional similarities of insect hemocytes and mammalian phagocytes","volume":"4","author":"Browne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.27504.1","article-title":"Isolation and primary culture of Galleria mellonella hemocytes for infection studies","volume":"9","author":"Senior","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Research"}],"container-title":["Current Issues in Molecular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/48\/6\/634\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T01:36:00Z","timestamp":1781746560000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/48\/6\/634"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["cimb48060634"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cimb48060634","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-3045"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-3045","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]}}}