{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:16:09Z","timestamp":1791227769275,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/031d5vw30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation contributing to endothelial dysfunction, metabolic imbalance, and cardiovascular complications. Although semaglutide (SEM) and tirzepatide (TIR) provide important metabolic and cardioprotective benefits, their early anti-inflammatory effects and potential sex-dependent differences remain incompletely understood. This study comparatively evaluated the effects of SEM and TIR on systemic inflammatory biomarkers in a murine model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Thirty BALB\/c mice were allocated into six experimental groups according to sex and treatment: control, SEM, and TIR groups (n = 5\/group). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal streptozotocin administration, followed by treatment with SEM or TIR. Circulating interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) and pentraxin-3 (PTX-3) levels were measured at baseline, one week after streptozotocin administration, and after six weeks of treatment. Control groups exhibited progressive increases in IL-1\u03b2 and PTX-3 levels, indicating sustained inflammatory activation. In contrast, SEM- and TIR-treated animals showed attenuated inflammatory responses characterized by transient or stabilized biomarker profiles. Differential inflammatory responses were observed between treatments and sexes. Male SEM and Male TIR groups demonstrated stable IL-1\u03b2 levels, whereas female treated groups showed persistent elevations, particularly Female TIR animals. PTX-3 responses also displayed differential sex-dependent patterns, with Female SEM animals exhibiting the most stable inflammatory profile. These findings suggest differential early immunomodulatory effects of the two modern antidiabetic drugs, characterized by distinct biomarker responses according to sex and inflammatory marker profile. IL-1\u03b2 and PTX-3 may represent complementary biomarkers for the assessment of early inflammatory activation associated with diabetes mellitus and its cardiometabolic complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb48070675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T10:01:17Z","timestamp":1782813677000},"page":"675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Differential Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Semaglutide and Tirzepatide in Experimental Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Roxana-Cristina","family":"Dobriceanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8516-9766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ianis Kevyn Stefan","family":"Boboc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7983-3811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana Mititelu","family":"Tartau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6890-049X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreea Daniela","family":"Meca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0870-104X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen Nicoleta","family":"Oancea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria-Alexandra","family":"Paceana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius-Mihai","family":"Pastiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1374-276X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adina","family":"Turcu-Stiolica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Marketing and Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8089-1787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Bogdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-025-03185-9","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus and associated vascular disease: Pathogenesis, complications, and evolving treatments","volume":"42","author":"Islam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. 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