{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T15:03:17Z","timestamp":1785164597997,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr. Issues Mol. Biol.","CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D comprises a group of fat-soluble secosteroids traditionally associated with animal physiology, calcium-phosphate homeostasis, and skeletal metabolism. However, vitamin D and related compounds have also been reported in taxonomically distinct non-animal systems, including fungi, microalgae, other algae, phytoplankton, and higher plants, although the strength of evidence differs substantially among these groups. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the occurrence, structural chemistry, UV-B-driven photochemical mechanisms, environmental determinants, analytical challenges, and biofortification potential of vitamin D formation in photosynthetic organisms and fungi. Vitamin D synthesis is initiated by UV-B radiation, primarily within the 290\u2013315 nm range, which converts sterol precursors such as 7-dehydrocholesterol and ergosterol into previtamin D intermediates and is followed by thermal isomerization to the corresponding vitamin D forms. Continued irradiation may additionally generate lumisterol, tachysterol, and other photoproducts, thereby limiting net vitamin D accumulation. This non-enzymatic mechanism supports the interpretation that vitamin D formation can occur outside vertebrates when an appropriate 5,7-diene sterol precursor is accessible to a sufficient UV-B dose. In photosynthetic organisms and fungal matrices, net vitamin D accumulation is constrained by the spectral dose of UV-B, environmental exposure, tissue architecture, sterol localization, oxygen availability, antioxidant capacity, and ROS-mediated degradation. Studies of microalgae and phytoplankton, including reports concerning Emiliania huxleyi, suggest the occurrence or UV-B-dependent formation of both vitamin D2 and vitamin D3. However, these findings require evaluation according to the analytical method, use of authentic standards, experimental conditions, and confidence of compound identification. In fungi, the UV-B-induced conversion of abundant ergosterol to vitamin D2 is well established. Microalgae represent a developing source of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3, whereas evidence for nutritionally relevant vitamin D accumulation in higher plants remains limited and heterogeneous. Although higher plants contain diverse phytosterols, the formation of vitamin D4, vitamin D5, or related analogues requires appropriate photoreactive 5,7-diene precursors and should not be inferred directly from the presence of common phytosterols such as \u03b2-sitosterol. Analytical detection remains challenging because of low concentrations, complex lipophilic matrices, and structural similarity among secosteroids and photoproducts; therefore, reliable identification requires validated analytical procedures. LC-MS\/MS provides high sensitivity and selectivity but should be supported by authentic standards, preferably isotope-labelled internal standards, retention-time agreement, quantitative and qualifying ions, matrix-recovery assessment, limits of detection and quantification, and evaluation of ion suppression. Structurally similar analogues and photoproducts may additionally require orthogonal confirmation. Nutritionally, post-harvest UV-B enrichment of edible mushrooms is currently the best-validated strategy for increasing non-animal vitamin D2 content. Microalgae constitute a developing platform for vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 production, whereas biofortification of higher plants remains experimental.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb48080760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:08:14Z","timestamp":1785161294000},"page":"760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vitamin D in Photosynthetic Organisms and Fungi: Sterol Photochemistry, UV-B Availability, and Biofortification Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Ariam","family":"Abraham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"English Division Science Club, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5557-5464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Bartusik-Aebisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Smolak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6851-5869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaudia","family":"Dynarowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2250-6040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, T. Kosciuszki 4, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wies\u0142aw","family":"Guz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2661-6570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Aebisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-310 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9277-0875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Henrykowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, T. Kosciuszki 4, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-022-02279-6","article-title":"Role of vitamin D supplementation in the management of musculoskeletal diseases: Update from a European Society of Clinical and Economical Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO) working group","volume":"34","author":"Chevalley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Powa\u0142a, A., \u017bo\u0142ek, T., Brown, G., and Kutner, A. (2024). Structure and the anticancer activity of vitamin D receptor agonists. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126624"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J\u00e4pelt, R.B., and Jakobsen, J. (2013). Vitamin D in plants: A review of occurrence, analysis, and biosynthesis. Front. Plant Sci., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2013.00136"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-02827-w","article-title":"UVB-exposed wheat germ oil increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 without improving overall vitamin D status: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"61","author":"Bailer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.24494","article-title":"Sunlight and vitamin D: A global perspective for health","volume":"5","author":"Wacker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109884","article-title":"The photoprotective role of vitamin D in the microalga Emiliania huxleyi","volume":"27","author":"Eliason","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raczyk, M., and Carlberg, C. (2026). From sunlight to signaling: Evolutionary integration of vitamin D and sterol metabolism. Metabolites, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16010074"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carlberg, C. (2022). Vitamin D in the context of evolution. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153018"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2015867118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2015867118","article-title":"A revised action spectrum for vitamin D synthesis by suberythemal UV radiation exposure in humans in vivo","volume":"118","author":"Young","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1007\/s43630-023-00371-y","article-title":"Stratospheric ozone, UV radiation, and climate interactions","volume":"22","author":"Bernhard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00031.2022","article-title":"Long-term variability of human health-related solar ultraviolet-B radiation doses for the 1980s to the end of the 21st century","volume":"103","author":"Zerefos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"657","article-title":"Oddzia\u0142ywanie s\u0142onecznego promieniowania ultrafioletowego na organizm cz\u0142owieka","volume":"65","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kosmos"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Duffie, J.A., Beckman, W.A., and Blair, N. (2020). Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Photovoltaics and Wind, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kift, R.C., and Webb, A.R. (2024). Globally estimated UVB exposure times required to maintain sufficiency in vitamin D levels. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16101489"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khanna, T., Shraim, R., Zarkovic, M., van Weele, M., van Geffen, J., and Zgaga, L. (2022). Comprehensive analysis of seasonal and geographical variation in UVB radiation relevant for vitamin D production in Europe. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235189"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s43630-025-00687-x","article-title":"Environmental consequences of interacting effects of changes in stratospheric ozone, ultraviolet radiation, and climate: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, update 2024","volume":"24","author":"Neale","year":"2025","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nascimento, L.B.D.S., and Tattini, M. (2022). Beyond photoprotection: The multifarious roles of flavonoids in plant terrestrialization. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095284"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiab486","article-title":"Origin and adaptive evolution of UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8-mediated signaling during plant terrestrialization","volume":"188","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, H.I., Kim, J., Oh, M.M., and Son, J.E. (2022). Prediction of phenolic contents based on ultraviolet-B radiation in three-dimensional structure of kale leaves. Front. Plant Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.918170"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rondanelli, M., Moroni, A., Zese, M., Gasparri, C., Riva, A., Petrangolini, G., Perna, S., and Mazzola, G. (2023). Vitamin D from UV-irradiated mushrooms as a way for vitamin D supplementation: A systematic review on classic and non-classic effects in human and animal models. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030736"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Starck, C., Cassettari, T., Wright, J., Petocz, P., Beckett, E., and Fayet-Moore, F. (2024). Mushrooms: A food-based solution to vitamin D deficiency to include in dietary guidelines. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1384273"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000733","article-title":"Sources of vitamin D for humans","volume":"92","author":"Benedik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2013.12.016","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications","volume":"21","author":"Bikle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Feingold, K.R., Adler, R.A., Ahmed, S.F., Anawalt, B., Blackman, M.R., Chrousos, G., Corpas, E., de Herder, W.W., Dhatariya, K., and Dungan, K. (2026, June 17). Vitamin D: Production, Metabolism, and Mechanism of Action, Endotext [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK278935\/."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15326","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.3c01371","article-title":"Further studies on the highly active des-C-ring and aromatic-D-ring analogues of 1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol): Refinement of the side chain","volume":"66","author":"Seoane","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.13091","article-title":"Evolutionary formation of melatonin and vitamin D in early life forms: Insects take centre stage","volume":"99","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2019.04.007","article-title":"Vitamin D and health\u2014The missing vitamin in humans","volume":"60","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neonatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2012.688897","article-title":"Vitamin D bioavailability: State of the art","volume":"55","author":"Borel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2023.09.016","article-title":"Comparison of the effect of daily vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration (total 25(OH)D, 25(OH)D2, and 25(OH)D3) and importance of body mass index: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Lips","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2025.106718","article-title":"Differences in the absorption and metabolism of vitamin D2, vitamin D3, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D","volume":"249","author":"Fleet","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2025.106837","article-title":"Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is more efficacious than vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) at regulating calcium absorption and bone quality in rats","volume":"254","author":"Dutta","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2200814119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2200814119","article-title":"Convergent total synthesis of (+)-calcipotriol: A scalable, modular approach to vitamin D analogs","volume":"119","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhabinskii, V.N., Drasar, P., and Khripach, V.A. (2022). Structure and biological activity of ergostane-type steroids from fungi. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27072103"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1111\/php.14059","article-title":"Comparative study of ergosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol and their endoperoxides: Generation, identification, and impact in phospholipid membranes and melanoma cells","volume":"101","author":"Yukuyama","year":"2025","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.04.132","article-title":"Generation of potentially bioactive ergosterol-derived products following pulsed ultraviolet light exposure of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)","volume":"135","author":"Kalaras","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.147407","article-title":"X-ray-mediated vitamin D synthesis","volume":"500","author":"Stangl","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1002\/yea.3708","article-title":"Yeast as a biological platform for vitamin D production: A promising alternative to help reduce vitamin D deficiency in humans","volume":"39","author":"Palacios","year":"2022","journal-title":"Yeast"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1350","article-title":"Vitamin D in nature: A product of synthesis and\/or degradation of cell membrane components","volume":"83","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9452(02)00420-X","article-title":"Vitamin D compounds in plants","volume":"164","author":"Boland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Silvestro, D. (2012). Vitamin D in Plants: Biosynthesis, Accumulation and Strategy for Crop Enrichment\u2014The Sterol Connection. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology]."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(01)00207-X","article-title":"Photosensitized oxidation of membrane lipids: Reaction pathways, cytotoxic effects, and cytoprotective mechanisms","volume":"63","author":"Girotti","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otero, R., Seoane, S., Fern\u00e1ndez-Dom\u00ednguez, X., Bourguet, M., Cianf\u00e9rani, S., Peluso-Iltis, C., Maestro, M.A., P\u00e9rez-Fern\u00e1ndez, R., Rochel, N., and Mouri\u00f1o, A. (2025). Synthesis, molecular docking and biological evaluation of A-ring-carborane-vitamin D analogues. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30122637"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/88.2.491S","article-title":"From vitamin D to hormone D: Fundamentals of the vitamin D endocrine system essential for good health","volume":"88","author":"Norman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2004.10.005","article-title":"Enzymes involved in the activation and inactivation of vitamin D","volume":"29","author":"Prosser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.031070","article-title":"Comparison of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"95","author":"Tripkovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.4.694","article-title":"The case against ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) as a vitamin supplement","volume":"84","author":"Houghton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4161\/derm.23938","article-title":"Novel vitamin D photoproducts and their precursors in the skin","volume":"5","author":"Slominski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norval, M., and Bj\u00f6rn, L.O. (2014). Vitamin D: Photobiological and ecological aspects. Photobiology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1468-5_23"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2009.01286.x","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolism","volume":"23","author":"Lehmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.004","article-title":"Who, what, where and when\u2014Influences on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis","volume":"92","author":"Webb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10460","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10460","article-title":"Physical determinants of vitamin D photosynthesis: A review","volume":"5","author":"Neville","year":"2021","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1997.tb03154.x","article-title":"Photochemical reactions and phototoxicity of sterols: Novel self-perpetuating mechanisms for lipid photooxidation","volume":"66","author":"Albro","year":"1997","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"115","article-title":"Dietary sources of vitamin D, vitamin D supplementation, and its bioavailability","volume":"14","author":"Andronikov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2022.102143","article-title":"Conversion of ergosterol into vitamin D2 and other photoisomers in Agaricus bisporus mushrooms under UV-C irradiation","volume":"50","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Jacobs, H.J.C., Gielen, J.W.J., and Havinga, E. (1979). Reactions of previtamin D3 occurring upon direct irradiation. Vitamin D: Basic Research and Its Clinical Application, Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Vitamin D, Berlin, West Germany, February 1979, Walter de Gruyter."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarkar, D., Aleta, A., Ahmeta\u0161evi\u0107, M., Tosin, M., Machin, L., Schr\u00f6dl, E., Bacher, M., Rosenau, T., Monzote, L., and Staniek, K. (2026). Sterol endoperoxides and their antileishmanial effects: Influence on viability, oxygen metabolism and sterol synthesis. Molecules, 31.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31060979"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2021.1879387","article-title":"Electrophilic oxysterols: Generation, measurement and protein modification","volume":"55","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3284","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.3c00608","article-title":"The chemical reactivity of membrane lipids","volume":"124","author":"Sanderson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zieli\u0144ska-Pisklak, M., Michalik, K.A., and Szeleszczuk, \u0141. (2025). Complexes of fat-soluble vitamins with cyclodextrins. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26136110"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5061","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.3c00862","article-title":"Ab initio simulation of the ultrafast circular dichroism spectrum of provitamin D ring-opening","volume":"14","author":"Tapavicza","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.c24-00598","article-title":"Synthetic studies on vitamin D derivatives with diverse but selective biological activities","volume":"73","author":"Kittaka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_63.1","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA), Turck, D., Castenmiller, J., De Henauw, S., Hirsch-Ernst, K.I., Kearney, J., Maciuk, A., Mangelsdorf, I., McArdle, H.J., and Naska, A. (2021). Safety of extended uses of UV-treated baker's yeast as a novel food pursuant to Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_63.2","unstructured":"(EU) 2015\/2283. EFSA J., 19, e06602."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8956","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.4c03835","article-title":"Membrane stabilization of helical previtamin D conformers as possible enhancement of vitamin D photoproduction","volume":"128","author":"Smith","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physchem-082423-023323","article-title":"Ultrafast events in electrocyclic ring-opening reactions","volume":"76","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8034","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c01896","article-title":"Ultrafast ring-opening reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene: Identification of nonadiabatic pathway via doubly excited state","volume":"143","author":"Karashima","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.joc.3c02103","article-title":"A 21st century view of allowed and forbidden electrocyclic reactions","volume":"89","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202100212","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.202100212","article-title":"History of the Woodward\u2013Hoffmann rules: The no-mechanism puzzle","volume":"22","author":"Seeman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Rec."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1093\/jaocint\/qsz001","article-title":"Differential thermal isomerization: Its role in the analysis of vitamin D3 in foods","volume":"103","author":"Gill","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10085","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.1c04376","article-title":"Probing the formation and conformational relaxation of previtamin D3 and analogues in solution and in lipid bilayers","volume":"125","author":"Sofferman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Silva, W.G.M., McCarthy, B.Y., Han, J., Yang, C., Holland, A.J.A., Stern, H., Dixon, K.M., Tang, E.K.Y., Tuckey, R.C., and Rybchyn, M.S. (2023). The over-irradiation metabolite derivative, 24-hydroxylumisterol3, reduces UV-induced damage in skin. Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13070775"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.138091","article-title":"Quantitation of total vitamin D2 and D4 in UV-exposed mushrooms using HPLC with UV detection after novel two-step solid-phase extraction","volume":"439","author":"McGinty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00e1zquez-Lorente, H., Herrera-Quintana, L., Jim\u00e9nez-S\u00e1nchez, L., Fern\u00e1ndez-Perea, B., and Plaza-Diaz, J. (2024). Antioxidant functions of vitamin D and CYP11A1-derived vitamin D, tachysterol, and lumisterol metabolites: Mechanisms, clinical implications, and future directions. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13080996"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9422(01)00090-5","article-title":"Effect of culture conditions on the synthesis of vitamin D3 metabolites in Solanum glaucophyllum grown in vitro","volume":"58","author":"Curino","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Voiculescu, V.M., Nelson Twakor, A., Jerpelea, N., and Pantea Stoian, A. (2025). Vitamin D: Beyond traditional roles\u2014Insights into its biochemical pathways and physiological impacts. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050803"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3390\/photochem3040029","article-title":"Photoprotective steering of previtamin D3 photochemistry by phenylalanine in solution","volume":"3","author":"Ochsner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photochem"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8002","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87061-w","article-title":"Vitamin D and lumisterol derivatives can act on liver X receptors (LXRs)","volume":"11","author":"Slominski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2023.07.003","article-title":"Recent advances in vitamin D biology: Something new under the sun","volume":"143","author":"Slominski","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2021.112148","article-title":"Singlet oxygen oxidation products of carotenoids, fatty acids and phenolic prenyllipids","volume":"216","author":"Kruk","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rontani, J.F. (2022). Use of gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry techniques (GC-MS, GC-MS\/MS and GC-QTOF) for the characterization of photooxidation and autoxidation products of lipids of autotrophic organisms in environmental samples. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27051629"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, L., Zheng, S., Lin, Z., Zhang, C., Zhang, H., Chen, J., and Wang, L. (2025). Singlet oxygen in food: A review on its formation, oxidative damages, quenchers, and applications in preservation. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14070865"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3390\/oxygen1020009","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species: Singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anion\u2014Examples of their roles in biology and medicine","volume":"1","author":"Edge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxygen"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119117","article-title":"Sex-related differences in photosynthesis, energy metabolism, and antioxidant regulation of Neoporphyra haitanensis to ultraviolet-B stress","volume":"304","author":"Xue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, Y., Duan, Y., Chi, Q., Wang, R., Yin, Y., Cui, D., Li, S., Wang, A., Ma, R., and Li, B. (2023). The role of reactive oxygen species in plant response to radiation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043346"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Zhao, X., Zhong, Y., Qu, T., Sun, B., Zhang, H., Hou, C., Zhang, Z., Tang, X., and Wang, Y. (2024). Acclimation of intertidal macroalgae Ulva prolifera to UVB radiation: The important role of alternative oxidase. BMC Plant Biol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-024-04762-w"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s41116-025-00040-5","article-title":"Solar irradiance measurements","volume":"22","author":"Kopp","year":"2025","journal-title":"Living Rev. Sol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-022-00750-7","article-title":"Characteristics of solar-irradiance spectra from measurements, modeling, and theoretical approach","volume":"11","author":"Thuillier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernardes, S., Lameirinhas, R.A.M., Torres, J.P.N., and Fernandes, C.A.F. (2021). Characterization and design of photovoltaic solar cells that absorb ultraviolet, visible and infrared light. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11010078"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s43630-021-00015-z","article-title":"Sun-induced production of vitamin D3 throughout 1 year in tropical and subtropical regions: Relationship with latitude, cloudiness, UV-B exposure and solar zenith angle","volume":"20","author":"Leal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46030126","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation: Biological and medical implications","volume":"46","author":"Yusuf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21480","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00980-6","article-title":"Air pollutants are negatively associated with vitamin D-synthesizing UVB radiation intensity on the ground","volume":"11","author":"Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wald, L. (2021). Fundamentals of Solar Radiation, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003155454"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recent advances on the use of abiotic stress (water, UV radiation, atmospheric gases, and temperature stress) for the enhanced production of secondary metabolites in in vitro plant tissue culture","volume":"97","author":"Mora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piccini, C., Cai, G., Dias, M.C., Romi, M., Longo, R., and Cantini, C. (2020). UV-B radiation differently affects the photosynthetic processes of two Italian Olea europaea L. varieties. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9121712"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.126627","article-title":"Microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica as a future new natural source of vitamin D3","volume":"320","author":"Ljubic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1159\/000517640","article-title":"Sun exposure and vitamin D","volume":"55","author":"Knuschke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gefeller, O., and Diehl, K. (2022). Children and ultraviolet radiation. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9040537"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2834","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.4102","article-title":"Impact of season, cloud cover, and air pollution on different spectral regions of ultraviolet and visible incident solar radiation at the surface","volume":"147","author":"Huszar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23667","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23667","article-title":"Biophysical evidence to support and extend the vitamin D\u2013folate hypothesis as a paradigm for the evolution of human skin pigmentation","volume":"34","author":"Lucock","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raven, J.A., and Beardall, J. (2022). Evolution of phytoplankton in the context of their physiological traits. J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10020194"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017bmijewski, M.A. (2022). Nongenomic activities of vitamin D. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235104"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2021.102472","article-title":"UVB exposure stimulates production of vitamin D3 in selected microalgae","volume":"59","author":"Ljubic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Algal Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hylander, S., Farnelid, H., Fridolfsson, E., Hauber, M.M., Todisco, V., Ejsmond, M.J., and Lindehoff, E. (2024). Thiamin (vitamin B1, thiamine) transfer in the aquatic food web from lower to higher trophic levels. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0308844"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000766","article-title":"Microalgae-derived sterols do not reduce the bioavailability of oral vitamin D3 in mice","volume":"93","author":"Brandsch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, R.G., Alcantar-Rivera, B., Mel\u00e9ndez-S\u00e1nchez, E.R., Mart\u00ednez-Prado, M.A., Sosa-Hern\u00e1ndez, J.E., Iqbal, H.M.N., Parra-Saldivar, R., and Mart\u00ednez-Ruiz, M. (2022). Effects of UV and UV-vis irradiation on the production of microalgae and macroalgae: New alternatives to produce photobioprotectors and biomedical compounds. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27165334"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2022.2070595","article-title":"Vitamin D: Sources, physiological role, biokinetics, deficiency, therapeutic use, toxicity, and overview of analytical methods for detection of vitamin D and its metabolites","volume":"59","author":"Nomura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1556\/1326.2024.01275","article-title":"Development and validation of a novel HPLC-UV method for quantifying vitamin D forms and precursors in vegetable oils after exposure to sunlight and UV radiation","volume":"37","author":"Amithabh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Chromatogr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-019-2024-x","article-title":"Vitamin D2 fortification of Calocybe indica mushroom by natural and artificial UVB radiations and their potential effects on nutraceutical properties","volume":"10","author":"Rathore","year":"2020","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawagoe, F., Mototani, S., and Kittaka, A. (2021). The synthesis and biological evaluation of D-ring-modified vitamin D analogues. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11111639"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.37394\/23208.2023.20.6","article-title":"A computational study of a prebiotic synthesis of ergosterol, ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol (vitamins D2 and D3)","volume":"20","author":"Aylward","year":"2023","journal-title":"WSEAS Trans. Biol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-022-04167-9","article-title":"Characterization of various isomeric photoproducts of ergosterol and vitamin D2 generated by UV irradiation","volume":"249","author":"Sommer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcmmer, T., Stangl, G.I., and W\u00e4tjen, W. (2021). Safety assessment of vitamin D and its photoisomers in UV-irradiated baker\u2019s yeast. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10123142"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phyplu.2022.100248","article-title":"Vitamin D from natural sources: Hope for the future","volume":"2","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomed. Plus"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1950609","article-title":"The future is bright: Biofortification of common foods can improve vitamin D status","volume":"63","author":"Neill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foohum.2025.100893","article-title":"Vitamin D in staple foods: Enhancing global nutrition security through biofortification","volume":"5","author":"Dwivedi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Humanit."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-024-13244-w","article-title":"Structural diversification of vitamin D using microbial biotransformations","volume":"108","author":"Villar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/adsc.202301201","article-title":"Pd(0)-catalyzed-mediated synthesis of vitamin D compounds","volume":"366","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Synth. Catal."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpap.2024.100253","article-title":"An interplay of light and temperature: Vitamin D3 formation in vitro, a model for in vivo plant studies","volume":"24","author":"Cunningham","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, H.I., Kim, H.Y., Kim, J., Oh, M.M., and Son, J.E. (2021). Quantitative analysis of UV-B radiation interception in 3D plant structures and intraindividual distribution of phenolic contents. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052701"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piccini, C., Cantini, C., Cai, G., Pinto, D.C.G.A., Silva, A.M.S., Romi, M., and Dias, M.C. (2022). Chemical profiling of two Italian Olea europaea L. varieties subjected to UV-B stress. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11050680"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.3c02049","article-title":"Unraveling the catalytic mechanism of \u03b2-cyclodextrin in vitamin D formation","volume":"64","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300181","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.202300181","article-title":"Previtamin D2, vitamin D2, and vitamin D4 amounts in different mushroom species irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light and occurrence of structurally related photoproducts","volume":"126","author":"Sommer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, S., Zang, Y., Chen, J., Shang, S., Gao, L., and Tang, X. (2022). Ultraviolet-B radiation stress triggers reactive oxygen species and regulates the antioxidant defense and photosynthesis systems of intertidal red algae Neoporphyra haitanensis. Front. Mar. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.1043462"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valgimigli, L. (2023). Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13091291"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.09.011","article-title":"UV-induced conversion during drying of ergosterol to vitamin D in various mushrooms: Effect of different drying conditions","volume":"105","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6654","DOI":"10.1039\/D4AY01114G","article-title":"Recent development on the extraction, detection, and quantification of vitamin D from various sources\u2014An update","volume":"16","author":"Amithabh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129588","article-title":"Quantification of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in food\u2014The impact of eluent additives and labelled internal standards on matrix effects in LC-MS\/MS analysis","volume":"357","author":"Barnkob","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R248","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-21-0308","article-title":"100 years of vitamin D: Dose\u2013response for change in 25-hydroxyvitamin D after UV exposure: Outcome of a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Webb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10121","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2220793","article-title":"Recent developments and emerging trends in dietary vitamin D sources and biological conversion","volume":"64","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2021.1936006","article-title":"A review of vitamin D and its precursors in plants and their translation to active metabolites in meat","volume":"39","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"2238","article-title":"Plant responses to UV-B radiation","volume":"6","author":"Shanthi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2026.104005","article-title":"Unravelling the potential of UVB irradiation in augmenting the nutraceutical qualities of submerged fermented Calocybe indica","volume":"73","author":"Singh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.14094","article-title":"The potential of artificially ultraviolet B-irradiated hay as a source of vitamin D","volume":"109","author":"Opsomer","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1, L., and Bi\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1, M. (2021). Vitamin D: Current challenges between the laboratory and clinical practice. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061758"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nebot, C., Cardelle, A., Cepeda, A., and V\u00e1zquez, B. (2022). Fat-soluble vitamins (A, E, D, and K). Encyclopedia of Food Safety, Elsevier. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823371-9.00005-8"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-022-04097-1","article-title":"Sample preparation techniques for extraction of vitamin D metabolites from non-conventional biological sample matrices prior to LC-MS\/MS analysis","volume":"414","author":"Alexandridou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2024.124088","article-title":"Analysis of vitamin D and its metabolites in biological samples\u2014Part II: Optimization of a sample preparation method for liver tissue","volume":"1237","author":"Holm","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, E.I.G., Darling, A.L., Robertson, T.M., Hart, K.H., Li, J., Martin, C., Warren, M.J., Smith, C.P., Lanham-New, S.A., and Elliott, R.M. (2025). Effect of vitamin D2 supplementation on 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 status: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr. Rev., nuaf166.","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf166"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1021\/jasms.2c00085","article-title":"Differentiation of dihydroxylated vitamin D3 isomers using tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"33","author":"Haris","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kr\u00f3l, M., \u017bmudzki, P., Bucki, A., and Kryczyk-Poprawa, A. (2025). Photodegradation assessment of calcipotriol in the presence of UV absorbers by UHPLC\/MSE. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15158124"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-024-05143-w","article-title":"Evolution and impact of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) for determining vitamin D metabolites","volume":"416","author":"Wise","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14607","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6c01298","article-title":"Value assignment of vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in food-matrix Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) using isotope dilution liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (ID LC-MS\/MS)","volume":"74","author":"Burdette","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-021-03576-1","article-title":"Interlaboratory comparison of 25-hydroxyvitamin D assays: Vitamin D Standardization Program (VDSP) Intercomparison Study 2\u2014Part 1: Liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS) assays\u2014Impact of 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on assay performance","volume":"414","author":"Wise","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2021.105917","article-title":"Vitamin D Standardization Program (VDSP) intralaboratory study for the assessment of 25-hydroxyvitamin D assay variability and bias","volume":"212","author":"Wise","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"Kaven, M. (2023). Refining Simultaneous Measurement of Vitamin D and Other Secosteroids in Human Serum. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Victoria]."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-023-04753-0","article-title":"Comparing derivatization reagents for quantitative LC-MS\/MS analysis of a variety of vitamin D metabolites","volume":"415","author":"Alexandridou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115522","article-title":"Improved quantitative LC-MS\/MS analysis of vitamin D metabolites in serum after one-pot double derivatization","volume":"234","author":"Schorr","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ortiz-Prado, E., Vasconez-Gonzalez, J., Izquierdo-Condoy, J.S., Su\u00e1rez-Sangucho, I.A., Prieto-Mar\u00edn, J.G., Villarreal-Burbano, K.B., Barriga-Collantes, M.A., Altamirano-Castillo, J.A., Borja-Mendoza, D.A., and Pazmi\u00f1o-Almeida, J.C. (2025). Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3): Efficacy, safety, and implications in public health. Front. Nutr., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1579957"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10585","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10585","article-title":"Trends in vitamin D status around the world","volume":"5","author":"Lips","year":"2021","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s43465-023-01089-w","article-title":"The global prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the elderly: A meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Meshkin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665124007626","article-title":"Vitamin D and other micronutrient deficiency prevention: The role of data in informing national, regional and global policy","volume":"85","author":"Cashman","year":"2026","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3042","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1862753","article-title":"Functional effects of vitamin D: From nutrient to immunomodulator","volume":"62","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pop, T.L., S\u00eerbe, C., Ben\u0163a, G., Mititelu, A., and Grama, A. (2022). The role of vitamin D and vitamin D-binding protein in chronic liver diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810705"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2023.102904","article-title":"Targeting lipid metabolism in plants for non-animal sources of nutraceuticals towards sustainable food production and scale-up","volume":"55","author":"Puri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-09203-8","article-title":"A pilot clinical trial to explore the effects of UV exposure on vitamin D synthesis and inflammatory responses in vitamin D-deficient adults","volume":"15","author":"Mo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2023.115210","article-title":"Ultraviolet-B radiation, mushrooms, and vitamin D: From technology to bioavailability","volume":"186","author":"Monforte","year":"2023","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.110401","article-title":"Optimizing the production of vitamin D in white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) using ultraviolet radiation and measurement of its stability","volume":"137","author":"Salemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1021\/acsfoodscitech.4c00701","article-title":"Escalating vitamin D2 content in fresh sporocarps of elm oyster mushroom Hypsizygus ulmarius (Bull.) Redhead (Agaricomycetes) using ultraviolet irradiation and assessment of its stability, antioxidant capacity, color, and textural properties","volume":"4","author":"Bhatia","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panthari, P., Khantwal, G., Kumar, M., Shang, X., Lee, J.-H., Haniyyah, S., Sharma, K., and Saini, R.K. (2025). Himalayan mushrooms as a natural source of ergosterol and vitamin D2: A review of nutraceutical and functional food prospects. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14203516"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29506","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c03561","article-title":"Comparison of ergosterol and vitamin D2 in mushrooms Agaricus bisporus and Cordyceps militaris using ultraviolet irradiation directly on dry powder or in ethanol suspension","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.131078","article-title":"Recent advances in microalgae-based vitamin D metabolome: Biosynthesis and production","volume":"407","author":"Ouedrhiri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coronado-Reyes, J.A., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Hern\u00e1ndez, J.C. (2023). Vitamins from microalgae. Microalgae-Based Biofuels and Bioproducts, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-99196-4.00026-7"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-022-01154-6","article-title":"Biofortified tomatoes provide a new route to vitamin D sufficiency","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2024.106494","article-title":"Vitamin D fortification of foods\u2014Sensory, acceptability, cost, and public acceptance considerations","volume":"239","author":"Cashman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavelli, V., D\u2019Incecco, P., and Pellegrino, L. (2021). Vitamin D incorporation in foods: Formulation strategies, stability, and bioaccessibility as affected by the food matrix. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10091989"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2022.111911","article-title":"Influence of food matrix delivery system on the bioavailability of vitamin D3: A randomized crossover trial in postmenopausal women","volume":"107","author":"Espersen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-022-01068-8","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of high-dose daily vitamin D3 supplementation in the Vitamin D and Type 2 Diabetes (D2d) Study: A randomized trial in persons with prediabetes","volume":"76","author":"Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adebayo, F.A., Itkonen, S.T., \u00d6hman, T., Kiely, M., Cashman, K.D., Lamberg-Allardt, C., and on behalf of the ODIN Consortium (2021). Safety of vitamin D food fortification and supplementation: Evidence from randomized controlled trials and observational studies. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10123065"}],"container-title":["Current Issues in Molecular Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/48\/8\/760\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:40:22Z","timestamp":1785163222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1467-3045\/48\/8\/760"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]},"references-count":169,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["cimb48080760"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cimb48080760","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-3045"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-3045","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]]}}}