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Issues Mol. Biol.","CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Aims: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by hyperglycemia and is a risk factor for stroke. Our previous studies demonstrated that adipocyte-derived exosomes (Ad-EXs) mediate adipose\u2013brain communication. This study investigated the effects of hyperglycemic subcutaneous and visceral Ad-EXs on brain microvascular endothelial cell (BMEC) dysfunction during ischemic injury. Hypothesis: Hyperglycemic Ad-EXs exacerbate stroke injury via inducing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in BMECs. Methods: EXs were isolated from primary human subcutaneous and visceral adipocytes cultured in normal glucose (NG): NG-S-Ad-EXs and NG-V-Ad-EXs, or high-glucose (HG, 25 mM) media: HG-S-Ad-EXs and HG-V-Ad-EXs by ultracentrifugation and characterized by a nanoparticle tracking analysis system. PKH26-labeled Ad-EXs were used to evaluate uptake mechanisms in human BMECs (HBMECs). Functional effects were assessed in hypoxia\/reoxygenation (H\/R)-injured HBMECs treated with different Ad-EXs. Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation markers (NOX2\/4, MDA, 4-HNE, and GPX4) were analyzed. Results: HG increased Ad-EX release from both adipocyte depots. HG-derived Ad-EXs increased HBMEC cytotoxicity and permeability while reducing angiogenesis after H\/R injury. Mechanistically, HG-Ad-EXs promoted oxidative stress through increased NOX2\/4 and lipid peroxidation via elevated MDA\/4-HNE and reduced GPX4 expression. Conclusions: Hyperglycemic Ad-EX triggered oxidative stress via NOX2\/4 and lipid peroxidation via MDA\/4HNE\/GPX4, leading to impaired HBMEC functioning, which was exacerbated in the H\/R injury condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb48090896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:08:43Z","timestamp":1788275323000},"page":"896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hyperglycemic Adipocyte-Derived Exosomes Cause Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7908-4050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harshal","family":"Sawant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bowen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regan","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1179-2985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Komal","family":"Sodhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5792-1279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alip","family":"Borthakur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2404-1782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Chen","family":"Bihl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.11.002","article-title":"Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035","volume":"103","author":"Guariguata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. 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