{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T13:06:17Z","timestamp":1789477577396,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0075\/DIA\/2017\/46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0075\/DIA\/2017\/46"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["0075\/DIA\/2017\/46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0075\/DIA\/2017\/46"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05dwvd537","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Medical University of Warsaw"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04p2y4s44","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr. Issues Mol. Biol.","CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are readily harvestable, tumour-homing cells that have been engineered as vehicles for antitumour agents. TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) selectively triggers apoptosis in many cancer cells through death receptors DR4\/DR5, while sparing most healthy cells. To date, only human TRAIL has been studied in such delivery systems; a fully homologous rat model (rat TRAIL delivered by rat ADSC) has not been tested, despite being essential for future syngeneic in vivo studies. Methods: In this pilot, exploratory study, we lentivirally transduced rat ADSC (rADSC) to express myc-tagged rat TRAIL, characterized the expression of TRAIL-pathway components in rADSC and three rat mammary carcinoma cell lines (RBA, HH-16.cl.4, SHZ-88) at the mRNA and protein levels, and assessed the antitumour effect of rTRAIL-rADSC using recombinant TRAIL dose\u2013response, supernatant transfer, direct co-culture, and nine-day insert co-culture assays. Results: rADSCs were successfully transduced and produced cell-associated rat TRAIL (66.2 pg per 50,000 cells versus 4.4\u20135.7 pg in controls; p &lt; 0.05); this ELISA measures total cell-associated (intracellular plus membrane-anchored) TRAIL rather than soluble TRAIL. rADSC expressed markedly higher levels of the decoy molecule osteoprotegerin and of DR4\/DR5 than the cancer cells. Two of three cancer lines (RBA, HH-16.cl.4) were susceptible to rat TRAIL, and rTRAIL-rADSC reduced their growth and increased the proportion of dead cells, with morphological features compatible with both apoptosis and necrosis, most markedly in HH-16.cl.4; the effect was separable from the empty-vector control in HH-16.cl.4 but not in RBA. Conclusions: In this pilot study, homologous rat TRAIL delivered by rADSC is feasible and increases cell death in TRAIL-susceptible rat mammary cancer cells, but the effect is moderate at most, contact-dependent, and in one of two susceptible lines not attributable to TRAIL itself. These findings define both the potential and the limitations of a fully translational rat model of TRAIL-based biologic brachytherapy and provide a foundation for future in vivo studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb48090941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:57:34Z","timestamp":1789473454000},"page":"941","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Rat TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand (rTRAIL)-Expressing Rat-Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (rADSC) Moderately Limit Growth of Rat Mammary Cancer Cells\u2014A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3051-5446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wiktor","family":"Pascal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1b Banacha Street, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9432-3980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Gotowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1b Banacha Street, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, 81 \u017bwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3914-6034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoni","family":"Smoli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Methodology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1b Banacha Street, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0683-1791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142 K.","family":"W\u0142odarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, 5 Cha\u0142ubi\u0144skiego Street, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20211033","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20211033","article-title":"Understanding breast cancer as a global health concern","volume":"95","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. 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