{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:00:22Z","timestamp":1792789222544,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["2P01AG012411-21 A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2P01AG012411-21 A1"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01AG084472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG084472"]}]},{"award":["2P01AG012411-21 A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2P01AG012411-21 A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01AG084472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG084472"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Windgate Foundation","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01531zd06","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01531zd06","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Philip R. Jonsson Foundation"},{"name":"Ottenheimer Brothers Foundation"},{"name":"STOP Alzheimer\u2019s campaign at the UAMS Foundation"},{"name":"Charles M. and Joan R. Taylor Foundation Inc.","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qewa988","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05qewa988","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Curr. Issues Mol. Biol.","CIMB"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuroinflammation, read as elevated levels of Interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) and of its downstream signaling cascade, has been shown to play a neuropathogenic role in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Western blotting was used to determine the effects of IL-1\u03b2 and its signaling cascade on Human Oligodendroglioma (HOG) and Schwann cells and to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of Ibuprofen and Flurbiprofen on MS pathogenesis in vitro. IL-1\u03b2 increased neuroinflammatory markers like TNF\u03b1, MyD88, \u03b2APP, COX-2, and IL-6, as well as transcription factors like NF\u03baB and STAT in HOG and Schwann cells, which in turn regulate the expression of other cytokines, resulting in the activation of the self-perpetuating Cytokine Cycle. The IL-1\u03b2 treatment of HOG and Schwann cells decreased the levels of myelin Basic Protein (MBP) and synaptophysin while at the same time increasing \u03b2APP. Autophagy markers like LAMP-2 and LC3B were downregulated. In contrast, treatment with Ibuprofen and Flurbiprofen effectively countered the harmful effects of IL-1\u03b2 in MS. These in vitro studies show that IL-1\u03b2 can play a possible detrimental role in facilitating neuropathogenesis, as seen in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease, and anti-inflammatory drugs Ibuprofen and Flurbiprofen have a potential role in modulating the neuroinflammation in MS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb48090953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:14:59Z","timestamp":1790097299000},"page":"953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Interleukin-1\u03b2-Induced Inflammatory Signaling and Myelin-Related Alterations in Oligodendroglia and Schwann Cells in Multiple Sclerosis: Modulatory Effects of Ibuprofen and Flurbiprofen"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1352-6322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jagadeesh","family":"Narasimhappagari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Donald W Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Donald W Reynolds Institute on Aging, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0405-7800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W. 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