{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T11:10:02Z","timestamp":1780053002072,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]],"date-time":"2021-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinics and Practice"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dilated cardiomyopathy is a subset of cardiomyopathies defined by reduced ejection fraction of less than 45% and a dilated left ventricle. While dilated cardiomyopathy is common, its etiology is not always readily evident. Paraquat is used as an herbicide worldwide and is one of the main causes of fatal poisoning in underdeveloped countries in Asia, Central America, and the Pacific Islands. The most commonly affected organs are the lungs and kidneys. However, experimental research has shown that Paraquat can affect the heart indirectly through increased vascular permeability. In vivo animal studies have shown that paraquat poisoning causes myocardial contractile dysfunction by decreased fractional shortening and cardiac remodeling. We report the first case in published literature of a 52-year-old Hispanic man with dilated cardiomyopathy strongly associated with Paraquat exposure. It is important to obtain detailed medical history and proper diagnostic work-up including work, social, and family history, and echocardiography, baseline EKG, lab work, and ischemia cardiac testing as it can lead to improved diagnostic evaluation of possible etiologies of the commonly seen dilated cardiomyopathies and help identify less well-known etiologies as seen in our patient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract11030083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]],"date-time":"2021-09-18T00:13:47Z","timestamp":1631924027000},"page":"679-686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Dilated Cardiomyopathy Associated with Paraquat Herbicide Poisoning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jaffer","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, NY 11554, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyla","family":"D\u2019Angelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, NY 11554, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madalyn","family":"Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, Pembroke Pines, FL 33027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manpreet","family":"Mahal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, Pembroke Pines, FL 33027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikas","family":"Nookala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences, American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, Pembroke Pines, FL 33027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dovile","family":"Kulakauskiene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, NY 11554, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2104-7230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amgad N.","family":"Makaryus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, NY 11554, USA"},{"name":"Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11550, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McNally, E.M., and Mestroni, L. (2017). Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Circulation Research, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Available online: https:\/\/www.ahajournals.org\/doi\/full\/10.1161\/circresaha.116.309396.","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309396"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Burke, A. (2020, January 18). Dilated Cardiomyopathy Pathology: Overview, Etiology, Epidemiology. Available online: https:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com\/article\/2017823-overview#a1."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62023-7","article-title":"Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"375","author":"Jeffries","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.03.590","article-title":"The Diagnosis and Evaluation of Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"67","author":"Japp","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Wang, S., and Guo, W. (2020, January 18). View of Stress Signaling in Paraquat-Induced Target Organ Toxicity. Available online: https:\/\/www.aimsci.com\/ros\/index.php\/ros\/article\/view\/26\/103."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1080\/08860220601184134","article-title":"A Fatal Case of Paraquat Poisoning Following Minimal Dermal Exposure","volume":"29","author":"Soloukides","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Epa.gov (2020, January 18). Paraquat and Diquat, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/production\/files\/documents\/rmpp_6thed_ch12_paraquatdiquat.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fahim, M.A., Howarth, F.C., Nemmar, A., Qureshi, M.A., Shafiullah, M., Jayaprakash, P., Hasan, M.Y., and Vitamin, E. (2013). Ameliorates the Decremental Effect of Paraquat on Cardiomyocyte Contractility in Rats. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057651"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1080\/03601234.2011.589309","article-title":"Pesticide risk assessment: A study on inhalation and dermal exposure to 2,4-D and paraquat among Malaysian paddy farmers","volume":"46","author":"Baharuddin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1159\/000196400","article-title":"Pulmonary Damage due to Paraquat Poisoning through Skin Absorption","volume":"62","author":"Papiris","year":"1995","journal-title":"Respiration"}],"container-title":["Clinics and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-7283\/11\/3\/83\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:01:38Z","timestamp":1760166098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-7283\/11\/3\/83"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["clinpract11030083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/clinpract11030083","relation":{},"ISSN":["2039-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2039-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,18]]}}}