{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:21:16Z","timestamp":1792027276574,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinics and Practice"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The cornea is a transparent avascular structure located in the front of the eye that refracts light entering the eyes and also serves as a barrier between the outside world and the internal contents of the eye. Like every other body part, the cornea may suffer insult from trauma, infection, and inflammation. In the case of trauma, a prior infection that left a scar, or conditions such as keratoconus that warrant the removal of all or part of the cornea (keratoplasty), it is important to use healthy donor corneal tissues and cells that can replace the damaged cornea. The types of cornea transplant techniques employed currently include: penetrating keratoplasty, endothelial keratoplasty (EK), and artificial cornea transplant. Postoperative failure acutely or after years can result after a cornea transplant and may require a repeat transplant. This minireview briefly examines the various types of corneal transplant methodologies, indications, contraindications, presurgical protocols, sources of cornea transplant material, wound healing after surgery complications, co-morbidities, and the effect of COVID-19 in corneal transplant surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract13010024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]],"date-time":"2023-02-14T03:41:17Z","timestamp":1676346077000},"page":"264-279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["An Overview of Corneal Transplantation in the Past Decade"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7486-8361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mutali","family":"Musa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry, University of Benin, Benin City 300238, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0999-5545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Zeppieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehimare S.","family":"Enaholo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sight Africa, Nkpor, Onitsha 434112, Nigeria"},{"name":"Africa Eye Laser Centre, Benin 300001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekele","family":"Chukwuyem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sight Africa, Nkpor, Onitsha 434112, Nigeria"},{"name":"Africa Eye Laser Centre, Benin 300001, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Salati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rates, E.R.D., Almeida, C.D., Costa, E.D.P.F., Farias, R.J.D.M., Santos-Oliveira, R., and Alencar, L.M.R. (2022). Layer-by-layer investigation of ultrastructures and biomechanics of human cornea. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147833"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Musa, M.J., and Zeppieri, M. (2022). Principles and Technique of Fogging during Subjective Refraction, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_646_17","article-title":"Anatomy of cornea and ocular surface","volume":"66","author":"Sridhar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"490","article-title":"Updates in corneal transplantation","volume":"69","author":"Duchesne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Med. de Liege"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"425","article-title":"Corneal transplant in a second level hospital. A survival analysis","volume":"149","author":"Mota","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gac. Med. De Mex."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"158","article-title":"Corneal transplantation: Study carried out at the Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Center Mohammed VI, Marrakech","volume":"23","author":"Belghmaidi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pan. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"224","article-title":"Corneal transplantations in the Czech Republic in 2012","volume":"70","author":"Hamouz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Czech Slovak Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"738","article-title":"Prognostic category of corneal transplantation in a referal center","volume":"54","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Del Inst. Mex. Del Seguro Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabater-Cruz, N., Figueras-Roca, M., Padr\u00f3-Pitarch, L., Tort, J., and Casaroli-Marano, R.P. (2021). Corneal transplantation activity in Catalonia, Spain, from 2011 to 2018: Evolution of indications and surgical techniques. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249946"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.2174\/1874364101307010030","article-title":"Corneal transplantation at an ophthalmological referral center in colombia: Indications and techniques (2004\u20132011)","volume":"7","author":"Galvis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open Ophthalmol. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, M.C., Kunselman, A.R., Stetter, C.M., Hannush, S.B., and Roberts, B.W. (2017). Corneal transplantation at Tenwek Hospital, Kenya, East Africa: Analysis of outcomes and associated patient socioeconomic characteristics. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187026"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12580","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92133-y","article-title":"Corneal transplantation for keratoconus in South Korea","volume":"11","author":"Hwang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000003054","article-title":"Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty: Can all ruptures be fixed?","volume":"42","author":"Sarnicola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/08820538.2022.2152710","article-title":"Penetrating keratoplasty: Indications and graft survival by geographic region","volume":"38","author":"Qureshi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4108","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1313_22","article-title":"A review of techniques and outcomes of endothelial keratoplasty in congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy","volume":"70","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goodman, C.F.B., Mittal, R.B., Awidi, A., Vanner, E.A., Han, E., Daoud, Y.J., and Koo, E.H. (Cornea, 2022). Outcomes of secondary intraocular lens implantation and descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty\u2014Comparing staged versus combined surgical approach, Cornea, publish ahead.","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000003128"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"Doc31","article-title":"CMV endotheliitis: A cause for recurrent failed corneal transplant","volume":"7","author":"Shahrudin","year":"2017","journal-title":"GMS Ophthalmol. Cases"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2017.12.008","article-title":"Angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in corneal transplantation\u2013A review","volume":"63","author":"Zhong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31827b14c7","article-title":"Corneal thickness as a predictor of corneal transplant outcome","volume":"32","author":"Verdier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.189050","article-title":"Effects of cataract surgery on endothelium in transplanted corneal grafts: Comparison of extracapsular cataract extraction and phacoemulsification for complicated cataract after penetrating keratoplasty","volume":"129","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001046","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2022-001046","article-title":"Corneal transplantation: The fine line between donor shortage and tissue quality","volume":"7","author":"Steger","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2012.737877","article-title":"Corneal transplantation and immune privilege","volume":"32","author":"Niederkorn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2012-0143","article-title":"Concise review: Immunological properties of ocular surface and importance of limbal stem cells for transplantation","volume":"2","author":"Shaharuddin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002938","article-title":"High-risk corneal transplantation: Recent developments and future possibilities","volume":"103","author":"Armitage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-021-00636-3","article-title":"Immunology and Donor-Specific Antibodies in Corneal Transplantation","volume":"69","author":"Major","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Et Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000060","article-title":"Eye-bank preparation of endothelial tissue","volume":"25","author":"Boynton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Rooij, J., Lucas, E.H., Geerards, A.J., Remeijer, L., and Wubbels, R. (2018). Corneal transplantation for Fuchs\u2019 endothelial dystrophy: A comparison of three surgical techniques concerning 10 year graft survival and visual function. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203993"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"CD009561","article-title":"Artificial corneas versus donor corneas for repeat corneal transplants","volume":"11","author":"Akpek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-01736-x","article-title":"Donor demographics and factors affecting corneal utilisation in Eye Bank of North India","volume":"41","author":"Arya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Fu, L., and Hollick, E.J. (2022). Artificial Cornea Transplantation, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002538","article-title":"Future of corneal donation and transplantation: Insights from the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"40","author":"AlMutlak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1198_20","article-title":"Glycerol-preserved corneal tissue in emergency corneal transplantation: An alternative for fresh corneal tissue in COVID-19 crisis","volume":"68","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-017-0038-8","article-title":"Biomaterials-enabled cornea regeneration in patients at high risk for re-jection of donor tissue transplantation","volume":"3","author":"Islam","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1159\/000507776","article-title":"Autologous corneal transplant from an enucleated fellow eye for choroidal melanoma: A case report","volume":"11","author":"Iglicki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2013.27.3.149","article-title":"Autologous tragal perichondrium transplantation: A novel approach for the management of painful bullous keratopathy","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0181","article-title":"Concise review: An update on the culture of human corneal en-dothelial cells for transplantation","volume":"5","author":"Parekh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.292.3089","article-title":"Efficacy of topical bevacizumab in high-risk corneal transplant survival","volume":"29","author":"Bhatti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1256","article-title":"Efficacy of sub-conjunctival and topical bevacizumab in high-risk corneal transplant survival","volume":"63","author":"Bhatti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1011500","article-title":"Donor-derived, tolerogenic dendritic cells suppress immune rejection in the indirect allosensitization-dominant setting of corneal transplantation","volume":"91","author":"Hattori","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000001107","article-title":"E-selectin mediates immune cell trafficking in corneal transplantation","volume":"100","author":"Dohlman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"9150","article-title":"Effect of RMT1-10 on the immunological characteristics of dendritic cells cultured in vitro and corneal transplantation in vivo","volume":"23","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01704-7","article-title":"Effectiveness of matching human leukocyte antigens (HLA) in corneal transplantation: A systematic review protocol","volume":"10","author":"Sachdeva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b15-00111","article-title":"Cyclosporine nanomicelle eye drop: A novel medication for corneal graft transplantation treatment","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_141_19","article-title":"Corneal transplantation in the modern era","volume":"150","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"214","article-title":"Traumatic wound dehiscence following corneal transplanta-tion","volume":"7","author":"Jafarinasab","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmic Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4274\/tjo.galenos.2018.06937","article-title":"Outcomes of therapeutic and tectonic penetrating keratoplasty in eyes with perforated infectious corneal ulcer","volume":"49","author":"Arslan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turk. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2012.02471.x","article-title":"Thirty years of cornea cultivation: Long-term experience in a single eye bank","volume":"91","author":"Linke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2341_21","article-title":"Policy framework for advancing eye banking and cornea transplantation","volume":"69","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3496","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1124_22","article-title":"Intraoperative optical coherence tomography-guided donor corneal tissue assessment and preparation","volume":"70","author":"Agarwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(02)01296-8","article-title":"Corneal endothelial cell density and pachymetry measured by contact and noncontact specular microscopy","volume":"28","author":"Modis","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210801800304","article-title":"Preparation of donor corneas: A study of the endothelial population","volume":"18","author":"Bonci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1035268","article-title":"Disinfection of human donor corneas during preparation and preservation","volume":"209","author":"Hagenah","year":"1996","journal-title":"Klin. Monbl. Augenheilkd."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wykrota, A.A., Weinstein, I., Hamon, L., Daas, L., Flockerzi, E., Suffo, S., and Seitz, B. (2022). Approval rates for corneal donation and the origin of donor tissue for transplantation at a university-based tertiary referral center with corneal subspecialization hosting a LIONS Eye Bank. BMC Ophthalmol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-022-02248-7"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002861","article-title":"Evaluation of efficacy, efficiency, and cell viability of a novel descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty graft preparation device, DescePrep, in nondiabetic and diabetic human donor corneas","volume":"41","author":"Solley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.180210","article-title":"Quantitative & qualitative analysis of endothelial cells of donor cornea before & after penetrating keratoplasty in different pathological conditions","volume":"143","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2010.128.63","article-title":"Endothelial cell density to predict endothelial graft failure after penetrating keratoplasty","volume":"128","author":"Lass","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.15238","article-title":"Innovative corneal active storage machine for long-term eye banking","volume":"19","author":"Garcin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003109","article-title":"Three-month storage of human corneas in an active storage machine","volume":"104","author":"Garcin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3983","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600251","article-title":"Alloimmunity and tolerance in corneal transplantation","volume":"196","author":"Amouzegar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-020-00272-8","article-title":"A contemporary risk analysis of iatrogenic transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) via corneal transplantation in the United States","volume":"9","author":"Martheswaran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1159\/000522369","article-title":"A case of recurrent fungal keratitis post-amniotic membrane transplantation for corneal perforation","volume":"13","author":"Soda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Rep. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"e25184","article-title":"A 10-Year retrospective case series on wound dehiscence following corneal transplant","volume":"14","author":"Chow","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"e922","article-title":"Causes of corneal transplant failure: A multicentric study","volume":"99","author":"Montesel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2014.248","article-title":"Quantification of allospecific and nonspecific corneal endo-thelial cell damage after corneal transplantation","volume":"29","author":"Chauhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05711-9","article-title":"Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) improves vi-sion-related quality of life","volume":"260","author":"Gellert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93892-4","article-title":"Prediction of corneal graft rejection using central endothelium\/Descemet\u2019s membrane complex thickness in high-risk corneal transplants","volume":"11","author":"Eleiwa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"613","article-title":"Elevation of preoperative recipient aqueous cytokine levels in eyes with primary graft failure after corneal transplantation","volume":"24","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570685","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/570685","article-title":"Effects of Awakening and the Use of Topical Dexamethasone and Levofloxacin on the Cytokine Levels in Tears Following Corneal Transplantation","volume":"2014","author":"Fodor","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2011.0108","article-title":"Ocular Safety and Pharmacokinetics Study of FK506 Suspension Eye Drops After Corneal Transplantation","volume":"28","author":"Yuan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-4534.301295","article-title":"Incidence and quantification of corneal haze by Pentacam Scheimpflug densitometry following photorefractive keratectomy for myopia in virgin and post corneal transplant eyes with dark irides","volume":"34","author":"Khattak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S227631","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of clinical characteristics and visual outcomes of traumatic and non-traumatic graft dehiscence following corneal transplantation surgery","volume":"ume 13","author":"Stevenson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000797","article-title":"Perioperative corneal transplant wound dehiscence","volume":"124","author":"Learned","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312630","article-title":"Lymphatic vessels identified in failed corneal transplants with neovascularisation","volume":"103","author":"Diamond","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5707","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24037-3","article-title":"Fine Needle-Diathermy Regresses Pathological Corneal (Lymph)Angiogenesis and Promotes High-Risk Corneal Transplant Survival","volume":"8","author":"Le","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"747","article-title":"When cataracts lead to a corneal transplant","volume":"36","author":"Bourges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S60008","article-title":"Combined corneal allotransplantation and vitreoretinal surgery using an Eckardt temporary keratoprosthesis: Analysis for factors determining corneal allograft survival","volume":"8","author":"Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vicente, A., Bystr\u00f6m, B., Lindstr\u00f6m, M., Stenevi, U., and Domell\u00f6f, F.P. (2018). Aniridia-related keratopathy: Structural changes in na\u00efve and transplanted corneal buttons. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198822"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moshirfar, M., Basharat, N.F., Seitz, T.S., Ply, B.K., Ronquillo, Y.C., and Hoopes, P.C. (2022). Corneal Transplant Rejections in Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195647"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"e25514","article-title":"Incidence and outcomes of transplant of infected donor corneal tissues in a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia","volume":"14","author":"Almulhim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"285","article-title":"Candida parapsilosis infection in a corneal transplant patient","volume":"31","author":"Breval","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Quim."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_560_21","article-title":"Post-corneal transplant Candida keratitis\u2014Incidence and outcome","volume":"70","author":"Sati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3591","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S275067","article-title":"Microbial keratitis in corneal transplants: A 12-year analysis","volume":"ume 14","author":"Griffin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Wekken-Pas, L., de Haas, P., Wisse, R., Rados, M., and van der Elst, K. (2021). Candida keratitis and endopthalmitis after corneal transplantation; two case reports, a novel regimen and literature overview of therapeutic options. Eur. J. Ophthalmol.","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721211060140"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"rjz314","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/rjz314","article-title":"Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis following penetrating keratoplasty","volume":"2019","author":"Raffa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000833","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2021-000833","article-title":"Killing efficacy of a new hypothermic corneal storage medium against the micro-organisms frequently found in human donor cornea intended for transplantation","volume":"6","author":"Giurgola","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2012.165","article-title":"Intravenous mesenchymal stem cells prevented rejection of allogeneic corneal transplants by aborting the early inflammatory response","volume":"20","author":"Oh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e235272","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-235272","article-title":"Cardiac arrest during cornea transplant surgery","volume":"13","author":"Jarstad","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000237","article-title":"Glaucoma management after corneal transplantation surgeries","volume":"27","author":"Kornmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"576394","article-title":"Glaucoma and Corneal Transplant Procedures","volume":"2012","author":"Edward","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.100803","article-title":"Recurrence of paraproteinemic crystalline ker-atopathy after corneal transplantation: A case of monoclonal gammopathy of ocular significance","volume":"19","author":"Nobacht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2021.04.002","article-title":"First report of human infection caused by Colletotrichum chlo-rophyti occurring in a post-corneal transplant patient with endophthalmitis","volume":"32","author":"Agemy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Mycol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"589620","article-title":"Corneal Transplant Infection due to Alternaria alternata: A Case Report","volume":"2013","author":"Konidaris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep. Ophthalmol. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31826dff17","article-title":"Endothelial graft failure after contralateral autologous corneal transplantation","volume":"32","author":"Martinez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2018.1515","article-title":"Differential survival of penetrating and lamellar transplants in management of failed corneal grafts","volume":"136","author":"Aboshiha","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"T10","article-title":"Development of selective lamellar keratoplasty within an asian corneal transplant program: The singapore corneal transplant study (an American ophthalmological society thesis)","volume":"113","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"396","article-title":"Complex visual hallucinations secondary to corneal transplant: The Charles Bonnet syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Masmoudi","year":"2015","journal-title":"La Tunis. medicale"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-020-00254-w","article-title":"Risks Posed to Corneal Transplant Recipients by COVID-19-Affected Donors","volume":"9","author":"Desautels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"e29160","article-title":"A review of corneal transplantation: An insight on the overall global post-COVID-19 impact","volume":"14","author":"Thakkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2022). Correction: Corneal transplantation in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic: An international perspective. Br. J. Ophthalmol., 106, e1.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-317013corr1"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_251_21","article-title":"Changing trends in the corneal transplantation and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on corneal transplant recipient selection","volume":"36","author":"Tanyildiz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-021-09934-8","article-title":"Corneal transplant during COVID-19 pandemic: The Italian Eye Bank national report","volume":"22","author":"Aiello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Bank."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844601","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.844601","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on corneal transplantation: A report from the Italian association of eye banks","volume":"9","author":"Mencucci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"1477","article-title":"Corneal transplantation in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic: An international perspective","volume":"104","author":"Ang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.1291","article-title":"Characteristics of ocular findings of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei Province, China","volume":"138","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3934\/publichealth.2021014","article-title":"Corneal transplantation during COVID-19 pandemic: Need for special considerations\u2014A live review","volume":"8","author":"Pandey","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIMS Public Health"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721211006565","article-title":"Corneal transplantation during the COVID-19 pandemic: An operational guide","volume":"32","author":"Franch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1602_20","article-title":"Four in one: Four recepients with a single donor tissue\u2014A novel concept for eye transplantation surgery post-COVID-19","volume":"68","author":"Siddharthan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2014205579","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-205579","article-title":"Customised component corneal transplantation: A blessing for three patients","volume":"2014","author":"Sati","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_133_21","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 related national lockdown on care of corneal transplantation patients at a tertiary eye care centre in India","volume":"69","author":"Bhalerao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.5935\/0004-2749.20230074","article-title":"Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic and public policies on corneal transplantations in Brazil","volume":"86","author":"Garcia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. de Oftalmol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_651_21","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on patients with corneal transplant","volume":"69","author":"Bhat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-317938","article-title":"One threat, different answers: The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on cornea donation and donor selection across Europe","volume":"106","author":"Thuret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2017.v107i8.12482","article-title":"Corneal donations in South Africa: A 15-year review","volume":"107","author":"York","year":"2017","journal-title":"S. Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"454","article-title":"Knowledge and attitudes regarding eye donation and corneal transplant: Medical versus non-medical university students in a developing country in Africa","volume":"12","author":"Eze","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S142702","article-title":"Awareness and attitudes toward corneal donation: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"ume 12","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000000943","article-title":"Attitudes and knowledge concerning corneal donation in a population-based sample of urban Chinese adults","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"67","article-title":"Life with another cornea: Impact of corneal transplantation and eye banking in Ethiopia","volume":"51","author":"Roba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ethiop. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussen, M.S., Gebreselassie, K.L., Woredekal, A.T., and Adimassu, N.F. (2017). Willingness to donate eyes and its associated factors among adults in Gondar town, North West Ethiopia. BMC Ophthalmol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-017-0577-1"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.4776","article-title":"Global survey of corneal transplantation and eye banking","volume":"134","author":"Gain","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2015.07.685","article-title":"Current status of corneal xenotransplantation","volume":"23","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2016.07.005","article-title":"Current indications and surgical approaches to corneal transplants at the University of Toronto: A clinical-pathological study","volume":"52","author":"Le","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S289359","article-title":"Current perspectives on corneal transplantation","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S349582","article-title":"Current perspectives on corneal transplantation (Part 2)","volume":"16","author":"Wong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"509","article-title":"A new era in corneal transplantation: Paradigm shift and evolution of techniques","volume":"18","author":"Young","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med. J."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e93","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13406","article-title":"Current state of corneal transplants in Poland","volume":"96","author":"Grzybowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1027846","DOI":"10.1080\/21592535.2015.1027846","article-title":"Development of a novel carrier optimized for cell sheet transplantation","volume":"5","author":"Amagai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomatter"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"e52939","article-title":"An \u201call-laser\u201d endothelial transplant","volume":"101","author":"Rossi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"5208","article-title":"An Experimental Study of Femto-Laser in Assisting Xenograft Acellular Cornea Matrix Lens Transplantation","volume":"24","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Experiment"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-018-0117-y","article-title":"Bowman layer transplantation in the treatment of keratoconus","volume":"5","author":"Dragnea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye Vis."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e05637","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.5637","article-title":"Bilateral posterior lamellar corneal transplant surgery in an infant of 17 weeks old: Surgical challenges and the added value of intraoperative optical coherence tomography","volume":"10","author":"Muijzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2012.42","article-title":"Assessment of a variable frame (polygonal) method to estimate corneal endothelial cell counts after corneal transplantation","volume":"26","author":"Jonuscheit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e318274a690","article-title":"Azithromycin treatment increases survival of high-risk corneal allotransplants","volume":"32","author":"Medina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"298","article-title":"Combined HLA matched limbal stem cells allograft with amniotic membrane trans-plantation as a prophylactic surgical procedure to prevent corneal graft rejection after penetrating keratoplasty: Case report","volume":"50","author":"Capozzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20485","article-title":"Angiopoietin-2 blockade promotes survival of corneal transplants","volume":"58","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"20552076221121155","article-title":"Ob-jective measurement of adherence to topical steroid medication after penetrating keratoplasty using an electronic monitoring aid: A pilot study","volume":"8","author":"Poinard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2021-319376","article-title":"Dropless penetrating keratoplasty using a subconjunctival dexamethasone implant: Safety pilot study","volume":"107","author":"Trone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672120914488","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of femtosecond laser\u2013enabled keratoplasty versus conventional penetrating keratoplasty","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.07.001","article-title":"Immune reactions after modern lamellar (DALK, DSAEK, DMEK) versus conventional pene-trating corneal transplantation","volume":"73","author":"Hos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-015-3248-z","article-title":"Outcomes of Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty, Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty and penetrating keratoplasty from a single centre study","volume":"254","author":"Heinzelmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-100820-021253","article-title":"The boston keratoprosthesis\u2014The first 50 years: Some reminiscences","volume":"8","author":"Dohlman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S27083","article-title":"Keratoprostheses for corneal blindness: A review of contemporary devices","volume":"ume 9","author":"Avadhanam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omari, A.M., Khan, N.B., Tausif, H.M., Nyalakonda, R.B., Williams, G.A.M., and Gupta, C.M. (Retin. Cases Brief Rep., 2021). Temporary Keratoprosthesis with Penetrating Keratoplasty in Conjunction with Pars Plana Vitrectomy for Repair of Retinal Detachments in Patients with Anterior and Posterior Segment Pathology, Retin. Cases Brief Rep., publish ahead.","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000001136"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cisiecki, S.M., Boni\u0144ska, K.M., and Bednarski, M.M. (Retin. Cases Brief Rep., 2022). Temporary keratoprosthesis combined with vitrectomy for severe globe injury, Retin. Cases Brief Rep., publish ahead.","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000001299"}],"container-title":["Clinics and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-7283\/13\/1\/24\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:34:42Z","timestamp":1760121282000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-7283\/13\/1\/24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]},"references-count":143,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["clinpract13010024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/clinpract13010024","relation":{},"ISSN":["2039-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2039-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,14]]}}}