{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:52:30Z","timestamp":1788915150790,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinics and Practice"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drug-induced movement disorders affect a significant percentage of individuals, and they are commonly overlooked and underdiagnosed in clinical practice. Many comorbidities can affect these individuals, making the diagnosis even more challenging. Several variables, including genetics, environmental factors, and aging, can play a role in the pathophysiology of these conditions. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) are the most commonly used classification systems in categorizing drug-induced movement disorders. This literature review aims to describe the abnormal movements associated with some medications and illicit drugs. Myoclonus is probably the most poorly described movement disorder, in which most of the reports do not describe electrodiagnostic studies. Therefore, the information available is insufficient for the diagnosis of the neuroanatomical source of myoclonus. Drug-induced parkinsonism is rarely adequately evaluated but should be assessed with radiotracers when these techniques are available. Tardive dyskinesias and dyskinesias encompass various abnormal movements, including chorea, athetosis, and ballism. Some authors include a temporal relationship to define tardive syndromes for other movement disorders, such as dystonia, tremor, and ataxia. Antiseizure medications and antipsychotics are among the most thoroughly described drug classes associated with movement disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract13040087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]],"date-time":"2023-08-18T10:29:25Z","timestamp":1692354565000},"page":"959-976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Overview of Movement Disorders Secondary to Drugs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6179-2177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamir Pitton","family":"Rissardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ 08103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nilofar","family":"Vora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Department, Terna Speciality Hospital and Research Centre, Navi Mumbai 400706, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9551-8170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bejoi","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Department, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar Karnataka 563101, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0062-7118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikas","family":"Kashyap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Department, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi 110029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55906, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8024-2354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Let\u00edcia","family":"Fornari Caprara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2019.014","article-title":"Drug-Induced Movement Disorders","volume":"42","author":"Duma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. 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