{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T15:04:19Z","timestamp":1780585459798,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinics and Practice"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT) has been prescribed for over seventy years to prevent thromboembolic complications associated with various conditions. The emergence of direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) has reduced the use of vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), but specific clinical scenarios still necessitate VKAs. Nurses play a crucial role in managing OAT, and their self-efficacy is essential for optimal patient outcomes. This study aims to validate and adapt the Nursing Self-Efficacy for Oral Anticoagulant Therapy Management (SE-OAM) questionnaire to Spanish (SE-OAM-SV) to assess nurses\u2019 self-efficacy in managing OAT. Methods: A methodological design was employed to develop the validity and reliability of the SE-OAM-SV. The process included translation and back-translation, expert review, and a pilot study. Content validity was analyzed using the content validity index (CVI), modified kappa coefficient, and Aiken\u2019s V. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 100 nurses across Spain to test the SE-OAM-SV and identify comprehension issues. Internal consistency was assessed via Cronbach\u2019s alpha. Results: The translation process highlighted some items requiring clarification, which were resolved through expert consultation. The SE-OAM-SV demonstrated adequate content validity with a global CVI of 0.86. The pilot study revealed an average participant age of 41.3 years and 17.3 years of professional experience. The SE-OAM-SV showed high internal consistency with a Cronbach\u2019s alpha of 0.96. The average score of participants on the SE-OAM-SV was 56.8 points, indicating room for improvement in all aspects of the scale. Conclusion: The SE-OAM-SV is a reliable and valid tool for measuring nurses\u2019 self-efficacy in managing OAT in Spanish-speaking communities. This tool can facilitate the development of educational programs and public policies to enhance nurses\u2019 self-efficacy and improve patient outcomes. The availability of the SE-OAM-SV supports larger-scale studies and validation in other Spanish-speaking countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract15060111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T04:06:24Z","timestamp":1750046784000},"page":"111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Validation, Content Validity, and Reliability of the Spanish SE-OAM Questionnaire: Assessing Nursing Self-Efficacy in Oral Anticoagulant Therapy Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9483-6447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Ram\u00f3n","family":"de-Moya-Romero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Valencia Clinic Hospital, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Nursing Care and Education Research Group (GRIECE), Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Care Research Group (INCLIVA), Valencia Clinic Hospital, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3028-7028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Valera-Lloris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valencia Clinic Hospital, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Nursing Care and Education Research Group (GRIECE), Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Care Research Group (INCLIVA), Valencia Clinic Hospital, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4141-6956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Chover-Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Nursing Care and Education Research Group (GRIECE), Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Internal Medicine Department, Hospital General Universitario, 46014 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1791-1524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Puerta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valencia Clinic Hospital, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Care Research Group (INCLIVA), Valencia Clinic Hospital, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, European University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5225-078X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Caballero-Bonaf\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valencia Clinic Hospital, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6440-1431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Sabater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valencia Clinic Hospital, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Nursing Care and Education Research Group (GRIECE), Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Care Research Group (INCLIVA), Valencia Clinic Hospital, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2292","article-title":"Oral anticoagulant therapy: Antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"141","author":"Ageno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy136","article-title":"The 2018 European Heart Rhythm Association practical guide on the use of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"39","author":"Steffel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. 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