{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:24:19Z","timestamp":1790666659789,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinics and Practice"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dysphagia is a frequent and potentially life-threatening complication in patients with neurological disorders. Swallowing is a complex neurophysiological mechanism regulated by a widespread network of central nervous system regions. The control of swallowing functions requires the integrity of the central pattern generator located in the brainstem, the sensorimotor cortex, the basal ganglia, and the cerebellum, but also peripheral nerves and swallowing muscles. Neurological diseases affecting either central or peripheral components of this system commonly result in dysphagia. Despite its clinical relevance, the management of neurogenic dysphagia remains challenging. While rehabilitative strategies such as swallowing therapy currently represent the main treatment option, emerging evidence suggests that non-invasive central and peripheral neuromodulation techniques may provide adjunctive beneficial effects. Further research is warranted to better define their efficacy, optimal protocols, and long-term outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract15090163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T15:31:21Z","timestamp":1756999881000},"page":"163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Neurogenic Dysphagia: Peripheral and Central Neuromodulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4664-850X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Stampanoni Bassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Centonze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"},{"name":"Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3593-6058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bledar","family":"Gjikolaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6609-579X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Alito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6550-9543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Tisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6269-961X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosario","family":"Marchese-Ragona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico Antonio","family":"Restivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2008.06.001","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of feeding and swallowing: Normal and abnormal","volume":"19","author":"Matsuo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. 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