{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:01:50Z","timestamp":1791928910220,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinics and Practice"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Third ventricle colloid cysts (TVCCs) are benign lesions that may cause acute hydrocephalus and, rarely, sudden death. Endoscopic resection has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative to microsurgical approaches. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of endoscopic resection of TVCCs. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search of major databases was performed to identify studies reporting clinical outcomes of endoscopic resection of TVCCs. Extracted data included the surgical technique, extent of resection, complications, recurrence, and reoperations. Results: Thirty-four studies comprising 1123 patients were included. Gross total resection (GTR) was achieved in 767 patients (68.3%), with higher rates for the transforaminal (88.4%) and transeptal (86.9%) approaches (z = 0.309; p = 0.76). Capsule removal was performed in 87.4% and coagulation alone in 11.6%. Postoperative remnants occurred in 172 patients (17.1%). Recurrence was observed in 41 cases (3.7%) after a mean follow-up of 46.3 months, with 33 patients (2.9%) requiring reoperation. Preoperative hydrocephalus was present in 51% of cases. Septostomy and external ventricular drainage were performed in 15.7% and 15.5% of patients, respectively. Complications included memory deficits (3.6%), meningitis (3.6%), intraventricular hemorrhage (2.7%), ischemia (1.1%), shunt dependency (2.1%), and seizures (0.6%). Mortality occurred in eight patients (0.7%). Conclusions: Endoscopic management of TVCCs is associated with a low complication rate and favorable long-term outcomes. Capsule resection reduces the risk of recurrence and the need for reoperation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract16020029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T12:49:07Z","timestamp":1769690947000},"page":"29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Endoscopically Treated Third Ventricle Colloid Cysts: A Systematic Review of Surgical and Clinical Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6463-5000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edoardo","family":"Agosti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Antonietti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Viola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4023-1909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Maria","family":"Fontanella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2917-367X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Fiorindi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.5455\/aim.2020.28.283-286","article-title":"Colloid Cyst of the Third Ventricle: Case report and Literature Review","volume":"28","author":"Kabashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Inform. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1596-7-144","article-title":"Colloid cyst of the third ventricle, hypothalamus, and heart: A dangerous link for sudden death","volume":"7","author":"Turillazzi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"132","article-title":"Colloid cysts of the third ventricle exhibit various clinical presentation: A review of three cases","volume":"14","author":"Ravnik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bosn. J. Basic. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2001.10.6.3","article-title":"Transcortical surgery for lateral ventricular tumors","volume":"10","author":"Ellenbogen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"ons176","article-title":"Supraorbital endoscopic approach to colloid cysts","volume":"69","author":"Delitala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.66222","article-title":"Endoscopic management of third ventricular colloid cysts: Eight years\u2019 institutional experience and description of a new technique","volume":"58","author":"Mishra","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurol. India"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.06.051","article-title":"Tailoring Endoscopic Approach to Colloid Cysts of the Third Ventricle: A Multicenter Experience","volume":"117","author":"Brunori","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.05.004","article-title":"Perspectives on Endoscopic Transseptal Interforniceal Approach for Retroforaminal Colloid Cysts","volume":"152","author":"Arnaout","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2025, October 30). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing The Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta-Analyses|Request PDF. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/288802810_The_Newcastle-Ottawa_Scale_NOS_for_Assessing_The_Quality_of_Nonrandomised_Studies_in_Meta-analyses."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.89.6.1062","article-title":"Endoscopic treatment of colloid cysts of the third ventricle. Technical note and review of the liter-ature","volume":"89","author":"Abdou","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199806000-00051","article-title":"Endoscopic management of colloid cysts","volume":"42","author":"Decq","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-006-0105-8","article-title":"Cooperative study by the Italian neuroendoscopy group on the treatment of 61 colloid cysts","volume":"22","author":"Longatti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100006041","article-title":"Endoscopic versus microsurgical resection of third ventricle colloid cysts","volume":"34","author":"Grondin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"51","article-title":"Purely endoscopic resection of colloid cysts","volume":"62","author":"Greenlee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000333776.89187.0E","article-title":"Neuroendoscopic treatment for colloid cysts of the third ventricle: The experience of a decade","volume":"62","author":"Hellwig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2009000600023","article-title":"Treatment of colloid cysts of the third ventricle through neuroendoscopic Nd: YAG laser stereotaxis","volume":"67","author":"Pinto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-009-0208-2","article-title":"Endoscopic treatment of third ventricular colloid cysts: A review including ten personal cases","volume":"32","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e3181ffae71","article-title":"Long-term results of the neuroendoscopic management of colloid cysts of the third ventricle: A series of 90 cases","volume":"68","author":"Boogaarts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-013-0508-4","article-title":"Anterior trans-frontal endoscopic management of colloid cyst: An effective, safe, and elegant way of treatment. Case series and technical note from a multicenter prospective study","volume":"37","author":"Chibbaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000430300.10338.71","article-title":"The significance of cyst remnants after endoscopic colloid cyst resection: A retrospective clinical case series","volume":"73","author":"Hoffman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2012.07.014","article-title":"Endoscopic resection of colloid cysts: Use of a dual-instrument technique and an anterolateral approach","volume":"80","author":"Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.1.JNS131102","article-title":"Combined endoscopic transforaminal-transchoroidal approach for the treatment of third ventricle colloid cysts","volume":"120","author":"Iacoangeli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-014-0529-7","article-title":"Endoscopic transchoroidal and transforaminal approaches for resection of third ventricular colloid cysts","volume":"37","author":"Ros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.12.006","article-title":"Neuroendoscopic colloid cyst resection: A case cohort with follow-up and patient satisfaction","volume":"81","author":"Sribnick","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/WNQ.0b013e3182a2fe78","article-title":"Endoscopic Removal of Third Ventricular Colloid Cyst: Experience of 90 Cases","volume":"25","author":"Raouf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Q."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.03.033","article-title":"Endoscopic Surgery in Nonhydrocephalous Third Ventricular Colloid Cysts: A Feasibility Study","volume":"84","author":"Sharifi","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"251","article-title":"Colloid cysts of the third ventricle. Endoscopic and open microsurgical management","volume":"43","author":"Stachura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurol. Neurochir Pol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.08.080","article-title":"Combination of Neuroendoscopic and Stereotactic Procedures for Total Resection of Colloid Cysts with Favorable Neurological and Cognitive Outcomes","volume":"85","author":"Birski","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.12.093","article-title":"Colloid Cyst of the Third Ventricle: Long-Term Results of Endoscopic Management in a Series of 112 Cases","volume":"111","author":"Samadian","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.01.137","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of the Rotational Technique for Endoscopic Transforaminal Excision of Colloid Cysts of the Third Ventricle","volume":"125","author":"Azab","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.09.190","article-title":"Long-Term Results After Endoscopic Resection of Colloid Cysts","volume":"122","author":"Vorbau","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.09.134","article-title":"Navigable Channel-Based Trans-Sulcal Resection of Third Ventricular Colloid Cysts: A Multicenter Retrospective Case Series and Review of the Literature","volume":"133","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.5114\/wiitm.2021.103957","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of endoscopic treatment in colloid cyst of the third ventricle","volume":"16","author":"Stachura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Videosurgery Other Miniinvasive Tech."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_446_2021","article-title":"Third ventricle colloid cysts: An endoscopic case series emphasizing technical variations","volume":"12","author":"Zymberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.02.032","article-title":"Endoscopic versus Open Microsurgical Excision of Colloid Cysts: A Comparative Analysis and State-of-the-Art Review of Neurosurgical Techniques","volume":"149","author":"Alkhaibary","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.11.JNS211317","article-title":"Surgical management of colloid cysts of the third ventricle: A single-institution comparison of endoscopic and microsurgical resection","volume":"137","author":"Beaumont","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.12.PEDS21482","article-title":"Pediatric Colloid Cyst Study Group (PCCSG). Pediatric colloid cysts: A multinational, multicenter study. An IFNE-ISPN-ESPN collaboration","volume":"29","author":"Roth","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peron, S., Galante, N., Creatura, D., Sicuri, G.M., and Stefini, R. (2023). Use of a neuro-evacuation device for the endoscopic removal of third ventricle colloid cysts. Front. Surg., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2023.1214290"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unal, T.C., Sencer, A., Dolas, I., Gulsever, C.I., Sahin, D., Dolen, D., Ozata, M.S., Ozturk, M., Aras, Y., and Aydoseli, A. (2023). Full-endoscopic removal of third ventricular colloid cysts: Technique, results, and limitations. Front. Surg., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2023.1234433"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-36197","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach: Outcome analysis of 100 consecutive procedures","volume":"45","author":"Cappabianca","year":"2002","journal-title":"Minim. Invasive Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000097271.55741.60","article-title":"Endoscopic transoral-transclival approach to the brainstem and surrounding cisternal space: Anatomic study","volume":"54","author":"Conti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.019","article-title":"Letter to the Editor Regarding \u201cEndoscopic versus Open Microsurgical Excision of Colloid Cysts: A Comparative Analysis and State-of-the-Art Review of Neurosurgical Techniques\u201d","volume":"162","author":"Porzio","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.03.034","article-title":"In Reply to the Letter to the Editor Regarding \u201cEndoscopic versus Open Microsurgical Excision of Colloid Cysts: A Comparative Analysis and State-of-the-Art Review of Neurosurgical Techniques\u201d","volume":"162","author":"Alkhaibary","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bas.2025.104196","article-title":"Clinical symptoms and surgical outcome of colloid cysts of the third ventricle: A multicenter retrospective study","volume":"5","author":"Butenschoen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Spine"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-021-01486-5","article-title":"Surgical approaches for resection of third ventricle colloid cysts: Meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Elshamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000333773.43445.7B","article-title":"Treatment options for third ventricular colloid cysts: Comparison of open microsurgical versus endoscopic resection","volume":"62","author":"Horn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1093\/ons\/opz409","article-title":"Long-Term Outcomes of Endoscopic Third Ventricle Colloid Cyst Resection: Case Series with a Proposed Grading System","volume":"19","author":"Isaacs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oper. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.9.JNS141397","article-title":"Combined rigid and flexible endoscopy for tumors in the posterior third ventricle","volume":"122","author":"Roth","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-023-05990-5","article-title":"Endoscopic trans-septal interforniceal approach for excision of colloid cysts of the third ventricle using the rotational technique","volume":"39","author":"Saleem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2023.04.073","article-title":"Endoscopic versus Microsurgical Resection of Third Ventricle Colloid Cysts: A Single-Center Case Series of 140 Consecutive Patients","volume":"175","author":"Sharifi","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.08.259","article-title":"Endoscopic Versus Microscopic Transcallosal Excision of Colloid Cysts: A Systematic Review in the Era of Complete Endoscopic Excision","volume":"132","author":"Sethi","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-023-05994-1","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasonic aspirator-assisted removal of a third ventricular colloid cyst","volume":"39","author":"Spennato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-023-05979-0","article-title":"Pure endoscopic ultrasonic removal of choroid plexus papillomas of the third ventricle: Technical report of two cases","volume":"39","author":"Spennato","year":"2023","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."}],"container-title":["Clinics and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-7283\/16\/2\/29\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T13:06:38Z","timestamp":1769691998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2039-7283\/16\/2\/29"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["clinpract16020029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/clinpract16020029","relation":{},"ISSN":["2039-7283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2039-7283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]]}}}