{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T20:33:10Z","timestamp":1788294790982,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinics and Practice"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Growth disorders, including central precocious puberty and delayed puberty, can significantly affect linear growth, skeletal maturation, metabolic regulation, and psychosocial development during childhood and adolescence. This systematic review synthesizes the current evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of hormone-based therapies used in children with disorders of pubertal maturation. Methods: A PRISMA-guided systematic search was carried out between January 2016 and March 2026 in different databases, such as MEDLINE (PubMed), EMBASE, CENTRAL, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, LILACS and OpenGrey; the protocol was previously registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD420251068048). Non-randomized, randomized controlled trials and observational research including participants aged 0\u201318 years receiving hormone therapies were eligible. Risk of bias was assessed using validated, design-specific tools. Results: Twenty studies involving 21,812 participants were included. GnRHa therapy improved final adult height (+3.5 to +4.5 cm) and reduced bone age advancement (\u22120.6 to \u22121.3 years) in children with central precocious puberty. rhGH therapy increased growth velocity (+3.0 to +5.0 cm\/year) and height SDS (+0.3 to +0.9), particularly in idiopathic short stature and Prader\u2013Willi syndrome. Combined GnRHa plus rhGH therapy showed greater short-term growth benefits than GnRHa alone. Both therapies showed favorable safety profiles, with predominantly mild adverse events and discontinuation rates below 2%. However, the evidence was limited by substantial heterogeneity and moderate-to-serious risk of bias. Conclusions: GnRHa and rhGH therapies are generally effective and safe for improving growth and pubertal outcomes in pediatric endocrine disorders. However, further long-term studies are needed to clarify their metabolic and psychosocial effects in adulthood. Nevertheless, these conclusions should be interpreted with caution due to the study\u2019s moderate-to-serious risk of bias and heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/clinpract16050096","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,25]],"date-time":"2026-05-25T15:05:08Z","timestamp":1779721508000},"page":"96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effectiveness and Safety of Hormonal Treatments in Children with Growth Disorders: A Systematic Review of Clinical Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0148-6105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isidro Miguel","family":"Mart\u00edn P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad del Atl\u00e1ntico Medio, Tafira Baja, 35017 Las Palmas, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Universitario Vithas Las Palmas, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35005 Las Palmas, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5068-627X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebasti\u00e1n Eustaquio","family":"Mart\u00edn P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Canarias, La Orotava, 38300 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Health and Sports, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, 28670 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Livadas, S., and Chrousos, G.P. 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