{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T22:04:28Z","timestamp":1768687468963,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clocks &amp; Sleep"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While the early identification of insomnia in patients with schizophrenia is of clinical relevance, the use of specific compounds to treat insomnia has been studied less in postmenopausal women with schizophrenia. We aimed to explore the effects of melatonin, sex hormones, and raloxifene for the treatment of insomnia in these populations. Although melatonin treatment improved the quality and efficiency of the sleep of patients with schizophrenia, few studies have explored its use in postmenopausal women with schizophrenia. The estrogen and progesterone pathways are dysregulated in major psychiatric disorders, such as in schizophrenia. While, in the context of menopause, a high testosterone-to-estradiol ratio is associated with higher frequencies of depressive symptoms, the effects of estradiol and other sex hormones on sleep disorders in postmenopausal women with schizophrenia has not been sufficiently investigated. Raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, has shown positive effects on sleep disorders in postmenopausal women. Future studies should investigate the effectiveness of hormonal compounds on insomnia in postmenopausal women with schizophrenia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/clockssleep4010007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T22:43:22Z","timestamp":1644965002000},"page":"52-65","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Hormone Targets for the Treatment of Sleep Disorders in Postmenopausal Women with Schizophrenia: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1855-8566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Mutua Terrassa University Hospital, University of Barcelona, 08221 Terrassa, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Haba-Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Investigation and Research in Sleep (CIRS), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Usall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de D\u00e9u, Sant Boi Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mentxu","family":"Natividad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Mutua Terrassa University Hospital, University of Barcelona, 08221 Terrassa, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6412-6831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia","family":"Soria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Neurosciences Group\u2014Psychiatry and Mental Health, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, 08907 L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2214-1886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Labad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Fundaci\u00f3 Parc Taul\u00ed, CIBERSAM, 08340 Matar\u00f3, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0906-927X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Monreal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences Institute, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, 08221 Terrassa, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1808803","article-title":"Schizophrenia","volume":"381","author":"Marder","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. 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