{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T05:12:08Z","timestamp":1789708328127,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clocks &amp; Sleep"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this retrospective analysis is to determine the most frequently prescribed medications for the treatment of NREM parasomnias and evaluate reported outcomes. We performed a retrospective chart review of all patients with NREM parasomnia diagnosed within Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital (BWH) clinics examining the date of diagnosis, date of starting therapy, comorbidities, type of medication prescribed, and the reported change in symptoms or side effects at follow-up visits. From 2012 to 2019, 110 patients (59 females, 51 male) at BWH clinics received a diagnosis of NREM parasomnia, including sleepwalking and night terrors. The mean age was 44. Comorbidities included obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (46%), periodic limb movement syndrome (PLMS) (13%), insomnia (19%), Restless leg syndrome (RLS) (9%), epilepsy (4%), and REM behavior disorder (RBD) (9%). Initial treatment strategies include behavioral and safety counseling only (34%), pharmacological treatment (29%), treatment of any comorbidity (28%), and combined treatment of any of the above (9%). Improvement was reported with: treatment of OSA (n = 23 52% reported improvement), melatonin (n = 8, improvement reported by 88%.,benzodiazepine (n = 7, improvement reported by 57%). Treating comorbid conditions is a frequent treatment strategy, often associated with symptom improvement. The pharmacologic treatment most commonly included melatonin and benzodiazepines. Comprehensive management should include behavioral and safety recommendations, assessment of comorbid conditions, and individually tailored pharmaceutical treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/clockssleep4030031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T23:44:25Z","timestamp":1660693465000},"page":"374-380","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["NREM Parasomnias: Retrospective Analysis of Treatment Approaches and Comorbidities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Naina","family":"Limbekar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women\u2019s Faulkner Hospital, 1153 Centre Street, Boston, MA 02130, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women\u2019s Faulkner Hospital, 1153 Centre Street, Boston, MA 02130, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Budhiraja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women\u2019s Faulkner Hospital, 1153 Centre Street, Boston, MA 02130, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sogol","family":"Javaheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women\u2019s Faulkner Hospital, 1153 Centre Street, Boston, MA 02130, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence J.","family":"Epstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women\u2019s Faulkner Hospital, 1153 Centre Street, Boston, MA 02130, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salma","family":"Batool-Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women\u2019s Faulkner Hospital, 1153 Centre Street, Boston, MA 02130, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7567-3099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Pavlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women\u2019s Faulkner Hospital, 1153 Centre Street, Boston, MA 02130, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e3807","article-title":"Parasomnias: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(05)70280-2","article-title":"NREM sleep parasomnias","volume":"14","author":"Mahowald","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-835064","article-title":"Parasomnias","volume":"24","author":"Mahowald","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1583","article-title":"Prevalence and comorbidity of nocturnal wandering in the U","volume":"78","author":"Ohayon","year":"2012","journal-title":"S. adult general population. Neurology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00526","article-title":"Clinical Features and Pathophysiology of Disorders of Arousal in Adults: A Window Into the Sleeping Brain","volume":"10","author":"Baldini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2006.06.003","article-title":"Factors that predispose, prime and precipitate NREM parasomnias in adults: Clinical and forensic implications","volume":"11","author":"Pressman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.137.2.111","article-title":"Hereditary factors in sleepwalking and night terrors","volume":"137","author":"Kales","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001203","article-title":"HLA and genetic susceptibility to sleepwalking","volume":"8","author":"Lecendreux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.005","article-title":"Medication induced sleepwalking: A systematic review","volume":"37","author":"Stallman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2014.05.007","article-title":"Beyond standard polysomnography: Advantages and indications for use of extended 10\u201320 EEG montage during laboratory sleep study evaluations","volume":"23","author":"Bubrick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Seizure"}],"container-title":["Clocks &amp; Sleep"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-5175\/4\/3\/31\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:09:17Z","timestamp":1760141357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-5175\/4\/3\/31"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["clockssleep4030031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/clockssleep4030031","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-5175"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2624-5175","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]}}}