{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T14:36:40Z","timestamp":1781707000408,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Unilever UK Central Resources Limited"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clocks &amp; Sleep"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: We test the hypothesis that the incidence of sleep problems is influenced by socio-demographic variables, particularly social deprivation and ethnicity. Methods: Self-reports of sleep duration and sleep difficulties (waking in the night, sleeping in the day, difficulty waking and snoring), personal wealth (household income, property-owning, etc.), ethnic group, employment, education, as well as post-code-based Townsend Social Deprivation, were extracted from UK Biobank\u2019s cohort of c500,000 British-domiciled adults (40\u201370 years). Analyses contrasted the incidence of different sleep problems and a composite measure of these (the Problematic Sleep Index) across groups. Results: Almost one-third of participants reported sleeping shorter (24.7%), or longer (7.7%) than age-corrected recommended sleep durations. The incidence of shorter or longer sleep increased with social deprivation and varied with ethnicity. Snoring, waking during the night, finding it difficult to get up in the morning and sleeping in the daytime were subject to similar effects. The Problematic Sleep Index showed being younger, male, employed, home-owning, having a higher household income, having a higher level of educational achievement, and time in education were all associated with better sleep, as was living in a more affluent area and being White. Conclusions: Sleep problems in Britain show a social gradient, independently of a range of other demographic and social influences, suggesting that sleep quality differs with and between ethnic groups. These sleep inequalities suggest that the protective and recuperative effects of sleep are disproportionately distributed across society and should encourage us to consider the potential benefits of community-specific sleep interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/clockssleep5030030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]],"date-time":"2023-08-07T06:38:48Z","timestamp":1691390328000},"page":"399-413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Social Deprivation and Ethnicity Are Associated with More Problematic Sleep in Middle-Aged and Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3582-1058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John A.","family":"Groeger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 5LT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5812-1081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piril","family":"Hepsomali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/27.7.1255","article-title":"Meta-analysis of quantitative sleep parameters from childhood to old age in healthy individuals: Developing normative sleep values across the human lifespan","volume":"27","author":"Ohayon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00255","article-title":"Rapid eye movement sleep, sleep continuity and slow wave sleep as predictors of cognition, mood, and subjective sleep quality in healthy men and women, aged 20\u201384 years","volume":"9","author":"Johnsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. 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