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It can be altered in suboptimal sleep quality conditions, e.g., in patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnea who experience both intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation (SF). Understanding the neurophysiological basis of SF in healthy individuals can provide insights to improve cognitive functioning in disrupted sleep conditions. In this electroencephalographical (EEG) study, we investigated in 16 healthy young participants the impact of experimentally induced SF on the neurophysiological correlates of CF measured before, during, and after practice on the TloadDback, a working memory task tailored to each individual\u2019s maximal cognitive resources. The participants spent three consecutive nights in the laboratory two times, once in an undisrupted sleep (UdS) condition and once in an SF condition induced by non-awakening auditory stimulations, counterbalanced and performed the TloadDback task both in a high (HCL) and a low (LCL) cognitive load condition. EEG activity was recorded during wakefulness in the 5 min resting state immediately before and after, as well as during the 16 min of the TloadDback task practice. In the high cognitive load under a sleep-fragmentation (HCL\/SF) condition, high beta power increased during the TloadDback, indicating heightened cognitive effort, and the beta and alpha power increased in the post- vs. pre-task resting state, suggesting a relaxation rebound. In the low cognitive load\/undisturbed sleep (LCL\/UdS) condition, low beta activity increased, suggesting a relaxed focus, as well as mid beta activity associated with active thinking. These findings highlight the dynamic impact of SF on the neurophysiological correlates of CF and underscore the importance of sleep quality and continuity to maintain optimal cognitive functioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/clockssleep6040041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T06:11:25Z","timestamp":1729577485000},"page":"602-618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Sleep Fragmentation Modulates the Neurophysiological Correlates of Cognitive Fatigue"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6117-7182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ouma\u00efma","family":"Benkirane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UR2NF\u2014Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit, at CRCN\u2014Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI\u2014ULB Neuroscience Institute, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"BBCO\u2014Brain, Body and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0695-166X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Simor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR2NF\u2014Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit, at CRCN\u2014Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI\u2014ULB Neuroscience Institute, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Institute of Psychology, ELTE, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1053 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8428-1185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Mairesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BBCO\u2014Brain, Body and Cognition, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4745-1434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Peigneux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UR2NF\u2014Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit, at CRCN\u2014Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI\u2014ULB Neuroscience Institute, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241224","article-title":"Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain","volume":"342","author":"Xie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A85","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsy061.217","article-title":"Effects of Sleep Deprivation and Recovery Sleep on Human Brain Network Organization","volume":"41","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.112794","article-title":"A sleep intervention study comparing effects of sleep restriction and fragmentation on sleep and vigilance and the need for recovery","volume":"215","author":"Laharnar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. 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