{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T10:55:54Z","timestamp":1788173754812,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rogaland County Municipality"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clocks &amp; Sleep"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study explored whether sleep duration, insomnia, social jetlag, and circadian preference predicted adolescents\u2019 risk of anxiety and depression two years later. High school students initially aged 16\u201317 years were, in 2019 and 2021, invited to a web-based survey assessing sleep patterns, insomnia, circadian preference, anxiety, and depression. Sleep duration, insomnia, circadian preference, depression, and anxiety were assessed using the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire, the Bergen Insomnia Scale, the reduced Morningness\u2013Eveningness Questionnaire, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the Generalized Anxiety-Disorder 7, respectively. Analyses were conducted using logistic regression analyses. The analytic longitudinal sample comprised 1456 students (initial mean age 16.4 years; 61.4% girls). Short school night sleep duration, chronic insomnia, and more severe insomnia symptoms at baseline predicted greater risk of anxiety and depression at follow-up when controlled for anxiety and depression at baseline. Neither free night sleep duration nor social jetlag at baseline were related to the risk of anxiety and depression at follow-up. When circadian preference was investigated continuously, greater morningness at baseline predicted lower risk of anxiety and depression at follow-up. When circadian preference was investigated categorically, evening preference type was associated with higher risk of depression at follow-up than intermediate preference type, while the prospective risk of anxiety and depression otherwise did not differ in relation to circadian preference. The results attest to prospective associations between adolescent sleep problems at baseline and later risk of anxiety and depression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/clockssleep7020026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T05:52:52Z","timestamp":1748325172000},"page":"26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Associations Between Sleep Patterns, Circadian Preference, and Anxiety and Depression: A Two-Year Prospective Study Among Norwegian Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2881-1035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linn Nyjordet","family":"Evanger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2297-7109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingvild West","family":"Saxvig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5831-0840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e5le","family":"Pallesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0211-5223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Gradisar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Cycle AB, Sleep Science Team, 412 50 Gothenburg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stein Atle","family":"Lie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Oral Research, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7051-745X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f8rn","family":"Bjorvatn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25770","article-title":"Importance of investing in adolescence from a developmental science perspective","volume":"554","author":"Dahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30186-3","article-title":"The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health","volume":"4","author":"Orben","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2513","article-title":"Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence?","volume":"9","author":"Paus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.10.010","article-title":"Sleep deprivation in adolescents: Correlations with health complaints and health-related quality of life","volume":"16","author":"Paiva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/ijop.12167","article-title":"Sleep variability and fatigue in adolescents: Associations with school-related features","volume":"51","author":"Matos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.11.008","article-title":"Recent worldwide sleep patterns and problems during adolescence: A review and meta-analysis of age, region, and sleep","volume":"12","author":"Gradisar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2020.03.013","article-title":"How Are Adolescents Sleeping? Adolescent Sleep Patterns and Sociodemographic Differences in 24 European and North American Countries","volume":"66","author":"Gariepy","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.150268","article-title":"Adolescence as a unique developmental period","volume":"40","author":"Jaworska","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2023.05.004","article-title":"Sleep and dropout from upper secondary school: A register-linked study","volume":"9","author":"Hysing","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1007\/s12310-022-09522-5","article-title":"Association of Depressive Symptoms in Late Adolescence and School Dropout","volume":"14","author":"Askeland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sch. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2017.08.013","article-title":"Decreases in self-reported sleep duration among U.S. adolescents 2009-2015 and association with new media screen time","volume":"39","author":"Twenge","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2018.06.001","article-title":"An update on adolescent sleep: New evidence informing the perfect storm model","volume":"67","author":"Crowley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adolesc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2011.03.003","article-title":"Sleep in adolescents: The perfect storm","volume":"58","author":"Carskadon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2004.11.039","article-title":"A marker for the end of adolescence","volume":"14","author":"Roenneberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021054068","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-054068","article-title":"School Start Times, Sleep, and Youth Outcomes: A Meta-analysis","volume":"149","author":"Yip","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galan-Lopez, P., Dom\u00ednguez, R., G\u00edslad\u00f3ttir, T., S\u00e1nchez-Oliver, A.J., Pihu, M., Ries, F., and Klonizakis, M. (2021). Sleep Quality and Duration in European Adolescents (The AdolesHealth Study): A Cross-Sectional, Quantitative Study. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8030188"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2015.10.004","article-title":"National Sleep Foundation\u2019s updated sleep duration recommendations: Final report","volume":"1","author":"Hirshkowitz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13263","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13263","article-title":"Sleep in older adolescents. Results from a large cross-sectional, population-based study","volume":"30","author":"Saxvig","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/07420520500545979","article-title":"Social jetlag: Misalignment of biological and social time","volume":"23","author":"Wittmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2018.1509079","article-title":"Sleep duration and social jetlag are independently associated with anxious symptoms in adolescents","volume":"36","author":"Mathew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3109\/07420528.2014.986273","article-title":"Chronotype influences activity circadian rhythm and sleep: Differences in sleep quality between weekdays and weekend","volume":"32","author":"Vitale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.04.020","article-title":"Circadian typology and implications for adolescent sleep health. Results from a large, cross-sectional, school-based study","volume":"83","author":"Saxvig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2019.1636813","article-title":"Associations between social jetlag and mental health in young people: A systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Henderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14042","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14042","article-title":"Longitudinal course and outcome of social jetlag in adolescents: A 1-year follow-up study of the adolescent sleep health epidemiological cohorts","volume":"33","author":"Tamura","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sateia, M.J. (2014). International Classification of Sleep Disorders, American Academy of Sleep Medicine. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0970"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.06.009","article-title":"Insomnia disorder in adolescence: Diagnosis, impact, and treatment","volume":"39","author":"Goldstone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14035","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14035","article-title":"The European Insomnia Guideline: An update on the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia 2023","volume":"32","author":"Riemann","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bjorvatn, B., Jernel\u00f6v, S., and Pallesen, S. (2021). Insomnia\u2014A Heterogenic Disorder Often Comorbid With Psychological and Somatic Disorders and Diseases: A Narrative Review With Focus on Diagnostic and Treatment Challenges. Front. Psychol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.639198"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2008.02.001","article-title":"Insomnia: Prevalence, Impact, Pathogenesis, Differential Diagnosis, and Evaluation","volume":"3","author":"Mai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e247","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2629","article-title":"Epidemiology of DSM-IV insomnia in adolescence: Lifetime prevalence, chronicity, and an emergent gender difference","volume":"117","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.610","article-title":"The natural history of insomnia: A population-based 3-year longitudinal study","volume":"169","author":"Morin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.03.010","article-title":"Clinical characterization of insomnia in adolescents\u2014An integrated approach to psychopathology","volume":"93","author":"Yuksel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00061-4","article-title":"A cognitive model of insomnia","volume":"40","author":"Harvey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4396","article-title":"Health correlates of insomnia symptoms and comorbid mental disorders in a nationally representative sample of US adolescents","volume":"38","author":"Blank","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldini, V., Gnazzo, M., Rapelli, G., Marchi, M., Pingani, L., Ferrari, S., De Ronchi, D., Varallo, G., Starace, F., and Franceschini, C. (2024). Association between sleep disturbances and suicidal behavior in adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Psychiatry, 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2024.1341686"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.3109\/0142159X.2012.656749","article-title":"Sleep disorder among medical students: Relationship to their academic performance","volume":"34","author":"Abdulghani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Teach."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(00)00083-0","article-title":"Insomnia: Symptom or diagnosis?","volume":"21","author":"Harvey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijchp.2023.100424","article-title":"A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies on the interplay between sleep, mental health, and positive well-being in adolescents","volume":"24","author":"Bacaro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Health Psychol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2810","article-title":"A Systematic Review Assessing Bidirectionality between Sleep Disturbances, Anxiety, and Depression","volume":"36","author":"Alvaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14170","article-title":"Depression in sleep disturbance: A review on a bidirectional relationship, mechanisms and treatment","volume":"23","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2019.10.018","article-title":"The bidirectional association between sleep problems and anxiety symptoms in adolescents: A TRAILS report","volume":"67","author":"Narmandakh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22682","article-title":"The relationship between depression and chronotype: A longitudinal assessment during childhood and adolescence","volume":"34","author":"Haraden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.08.032","article-title":"The direction of the relationship between symptoms of insomnia and psychiatric disorders in adolescents","volume":"207","author":"Alvaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.07.008","article-title":"How does the COVID-19 affect mental health and sleep among Chinese adolescents: A longitudinal follow-up study","volume":"85","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-024-03026-z","article-title":"Sleep duration and social jetlag in healthy adolescents. Association with anxiety, depression, and chronotype: A pilot study","volume":"28","author":"Magnusdottir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.12.029","article-title":"Sleep problems predict and are predicted by generalized anxiety\/depression and oppositional defiant disorder","volume":"53","author":"Shanahan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-022-00074-8","article-title":"Sleep\u2019s role in the development and resolution of adolescent depression","volume":"1","author":"Gradisar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bacaro, V., Carpentier, L., and Crocetti, E. (2023). Sleep Well, Study Well: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies on the Interplay between Sleep and School Experience in Adolescence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20064829"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2006.07.008","article-title":"The association of insomnia with anxiety disorders and depression: Exploration of the direction of risk","volume":"40","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2024.2444677","article-title":"Insomnia in adolescent epidemiological studies: To what extent can the symptoms be explained by circadian factors?","volume":"42","author":"Arnesen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kallestad, H., Hansen, B., Langsrud, K., Ruud, T., Morken, G., Stiles, T.C., and Gr\u00e5we, R.W. (2011). Differences between patients\u2019 and clinicians\u2019 report of sleep disturbance: A field study in mental health care in Norway. BMC Psychiatry, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-11-186"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2869.2002.00302.x","article-title":"Circadian preference, sleep and daytime behaviour in adolescence","volume":"11","author":"Giannotti","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1080\/00221325.2010.535225","article-title":"Age and Gender Differences in Morningness\u2013Eveningness During Adolescence","volume":"172","author":"Randler","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Genet. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2017.08.004","article-title":"Effects of school start time on students\u2019 sleep duration, daytime sleepiness, and attendance: A meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Bowers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Askeland, K.G., B\u00f8e, T., Lundervold, A.J., Stormark, K.M., and Hysing, M. (2020). The Association Between Symptoms of Depression and School Absence in a Population-Based Study of Late Adolescents. Front. Psychol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01268"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/camh.12322","article-title":"Review: The association between anxiety and poor attendance at school\u2014A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Finning","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Ment. Health"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.78.1.98","article-title":"What is coefficient alpha? An examination of theory and applications","volume":"78","author":"Cortina","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2018.1564322","article-title":"The reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire: Psychometric properties and related factors in a young Swedish population","volume":"36","author":"Danielsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730402239679","article-title":"Life between clocks: Daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes","volume":"18","author":"Roenneberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(91)90110-W","article-title":"Horne & \u00d6stberg morningness-eveningness questionnaire: A reduced scale","volume":"12","author":"Adan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"97","article-title":"A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms","volume":"4","author":"Horne","year":"1976","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronobiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.107.3.691-706","article-title":"A new scale for measuring insomnia: The Bergen Insomnia Scale","volume":"107","author":"Pallesen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Ski."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"268","article-title":"Validity and reliability of Bergen Insomnia Scale (BIS) among adolescents","volume":"8","author":"Bay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brattmyr, M., Lindberg, M.S., Solem, S., Hjemdal, O., and Havnen, A. (2022). Factor structure, measurement invariance, and concurrent validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale-7 in a Norwegian psychiatric outpatient sample. BMC Psychiatry, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04101-z"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.18.1737","article-title":"Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. Patient Health Questionnaire","volume":"282","author":"Spitzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burdzovic Andreas, J., and Brunborg, G.S. (2017). Depressive Symptomatology among Norwegian Adolescent Boys and Girls: The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) Psychometric Properties and Correlates. Front. Psychol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00887"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wisting, L., Johnson, S.U., Bulik, C.M., Andreassen, O.A., R\u00f8, \u00d8., and Bang, L. (2021). Psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) in a large female sample of adults with and without eating disorders. BMC Psychiatry, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-020-03013-0"}],"container-title":["Clocks &amp; Sleep"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-5175\/7\/2\/26\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:41:03Z","timestamp":1760031663000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-5175\/7\/2\/26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["clockssleep7020026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/clockssleep7020026","relation":{},"ISSN":["2624-5175"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2624-5175","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]]}}}