{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T08:06:36Z","timestamp":1790928396827,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":262,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clocks &amp; Sleep"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep-disordered breathing condition characterized by recurrent upper-airway obstruction, leading to intermittent hypoxemia, sleep fragmentation, and sympathetic activation. OSA is highly prevalent in patients with cardiovascular diseases and is strongly associated with hypertension, atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and adverse prognosis. This review summarizes current evidence on the pathophysiology of OSA, its cardiovascular consequences, and available diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, with particular attention to clinical implications in cardiology practice. We discuss established treatments such as lifestyle interventions, continuous positive airway pressure, mandibular advancement devices, and selected surgical options, as well as emerging therapies, including pharmacological approaches targeting weight loss and ventilatory control. While OSA treatment improves symptoms and quality of life, evidence for cardiovascular event reduction remains heterogeneous and appears strongly influenced by patient selection and treatment adherence. Identifying patients most likely to benefit from targeted OSA management remains a key challenge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/clockssleep8020028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T12:06:07Z","timestamp":1779365167000},"page":"28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Obstructive Sleep Apneas and Cardiovascular Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Castiglione","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Interdisciplinary Research Center, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Fondazione Monasterio, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5962-9143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Morfino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Interdisciplinary Research Center, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iacopo","family":"Fabiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Interdisciplinary Research Center, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7453-3748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Gentile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Interdisciplinary Research Center, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Air\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Fondazione Monasterio, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0920-8176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedetta","family":"Volpi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardioncology Unit, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4038-8033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Cardinale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardioncology Unit, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Passino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Interdisciplinary Research Center, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Fondazione Monasterio, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Giannoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Interdisciplinary Research Center, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Fondazione Monasterio, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Emdin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Science Interdisciplinary Research Center, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Fondazione Monasterio, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.05.048","article-title":"Sleep Disordered Breathing and Cardiovascular Disease: JACC State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"78","author":"Cowie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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