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The study was conducted in two phases and included the assessment of subjective measures of sleepiness, vigor, affect, sleep quality, and individual chronotype. In the first phase, 32 healthy participants (19 females; mean age = 24.9 \u00b1 3.14) were tested at four different times of the day to examine diurnal variations in attentional performance. In the second phase, a subsample of 8 participants (4 females; mean age = 24.4 \u00b1 2.20) underwent a total sleep-deprivation protocol and completed the AD-Task over two consecutive days to evaluate the impact of prolonged wakefulness on attentional and executive functioning. In the first phase, results revealed a progressive decline in selective attention across the day (F(3.93) = 3.188; p = 0.027; \u03b72p = 0.093) and significantly slower reaction times in divided attention during the morning (F(3.93) = 7.3134; p &lt; 0.001; \u03b72p = 0.191), indicating a time-of-day modulation of attentional resources. In the second phase, total sleep deprivation led to a marked impairment in performance, reflected by slower reaction times (F(11.77) = 1.948; p = 0.046; \u03b72p = 0.218) and reduced discriminative ability (d\u2032; F(11.77) = 13.438; p &lt; 0.001; \u03b72p = 0.657), particularly in task-switching conditions. These findings suggest increased vulnerability of executive functions under sleep deprivation, likely associated with reduced efficiency of prefrontal cortical processes. The results confirm that time of the day and pressure of sleep significantly affect attention and cognitive flexibility and further affirm the validity of the AD-Task as a reliable instrument for detecting these variations under ecologically relevant conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/clockssleep8030041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T14:43:14Z","timestamp":1783003394000},"page":"41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Time-of-Day Variations and Effects of Total Sleep Deprivation on Attention Assessed with the Attentional Demands Task"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7250-1595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Di Pompeo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, Via Vetoio-Ed.De Meis, 67010 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2912-1031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Marcaccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, Via Vetoio-Ed.De Meis, 67010 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Capitani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, Via Vetoio-Ed.De Meis, 67010 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2901-5030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assunta","family":"Pompili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, Via Vetoio-Ed.De Meis, 67010 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2665-231X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Migliore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, Via Vetoio-Ed.De Meis, 67010 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2248-781X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Curcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, Via Vetoio-Ed.De Meis, 67010 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290701754158","article-title":"A Time to Think: Circadian Rhythms in Human Cognition","volume":"24","author":"Schmidt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cogn. 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