{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:43:42Z","timestamp":1760060622095,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CMTR"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Maxillary setback in orthognathic surgery has been extensively discussed regarding its effects on bone healing and facial soft tissue profile; however, its impact on upper airway volume remains unclear. Objective: We evaluate the influence of maxillary setback combined with counterclockwise (CCW) rotation of the occlusal plane on upper airway dimensions. Methods: A retrospective observational case series was conducted with eight patients diagnosed with Class II malocclusion who underwent orthognathic surgery involving maxillary setback and CCW mandibular rotation. All procedures were performed by the same surgeon. Preoperative (T1) and 6-month postoperative (T2) facial CT scans were analyzed using Dolphin Imaging software11.7 to measure airway volume (VOL), surface area (SA), and linear distances D1, D2 and D3. Statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon test with a 5% significance level. Results: Significant skeletal changes were observed, including 10.2 mm of mandibular advancement, 5.2 mm of hyoid advancement, and 4.1\u00b0 of CCW rotation. Although increases in airway volume and surface area were noted, they did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.327 and p = 0.050, respectively), but suggesting a favorable trend toward airway adaptation. Conclusions: Maxillary setback combined with CCW rotation appears to safely correct Class II skeletal deformities without compromising upper airway space. These preliminary findings highlight the technique\u2019s potential for both functional and aesthetic outcomes, warranting further long-term studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cmtr18030039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T15:31:21Z","timestamp":1756999881000},"page":"39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of the Upper Airway in Class II Patients Undergoing Maxillary Setback and Counterclockwise Rotation in Orthognatic Surgery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4185-657X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00e1vio Fid\u00eancio","family":"de Lima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Encore Clinic, S\u00e3o Paulo 04545-041, Brazil"},{"name":"Dental research Division, School of Dentistry, Universidade Paulista-UNIP, S\u00e3o Paulo 04026-002, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tayn\u00e1 Mendes In\u00e1cio","family":"De Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Encore Clinic, S\u00e3o Paulo 04545-041, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Dentistry of S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 dos Campos 12245-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Pulino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital S\u00edrio-Liban\u00eas, Institute of Education and Research, S\u00e3o Paulo 01308-050, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Leforte Hospital, Am\u00e9ricas Health Network, S\u00e3o Paulo 01507-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S\u00e3o Paulo 05652-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9347-2454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila","family":"Cerantula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Dentistry of Ara\u00e7atuba, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Ara\u00e7atuba 16015-050, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00f4nica Grazieli","family":"Correa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental research Division, School of Dentistry, Universidade Paulista-UNIP, S\u00e3o Paulo 04026-002, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9071-7827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raphael Capelli","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital S\u00edrio-Liban\u00eas, Institute of Education and Research, S\u00e3o Paulo 01308-050, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Leforte Hospital, Am\u00e9ricas Health Network, S\u00e3o Paulo 01507-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S\u00e3o Paulo 05652-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade Israelita de Ci\u00eancias de Sa\u00fade Albert Einstein, S\u00e3o Paulo 05653-120, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2009.04.064","article-title":"The Effect of Maxillary Multidirectional Movement on Nasal Respiration","volume":"67","author":"Ghoreishian","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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