{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T10:53:09Z","timestamp":1789555989073,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CMTR"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Facial trauma is a public health concern, with reports of about 25% of all traumas having a component of facial injury. Alcohol and illicit drug use have previously been shown to exacerbate the severity of trauma injuries. This study investigates the relationship between illicit drug use and clinical outcomes amongst patients presenting with facial fracture injuries. Methods: A retrospective multicenter cohort study through the TriNetX database was performed. Drug Involved Facial fracture injury with illicit drug use (DIFFI+) was compared to a Non-Drug Involved Facial Fracture Injury group (DIFFI\u2212). After propensity score matching, measures of hospital burden outcomes, surgical intervention, and underlying psychiatric diagnosis outcomes were compared. Results: A total of 27,863 propensity score-matched DIFFI+ cases were used for analysis. DIFFI+ patients were younger (mean age 33.8 vs. 42.0 years, p &lt; 0.001), more often male (75% vs. 56%, p &lt; 0.001), and more likely to be Black\/African American (21% vs. 14%, p &lt; 0.001), with cannabis and opioid use most common. DIFFI+ patients had a significantly higher odds of hospital burden outcomes, including psychiatry services (OR = 8.40), ventilator management (OR = 5.18), and critical care services (OR = 3.83). Conclusions\/Discussion: DIFFI+ was significantly correlated with greater hospital burden in all analyzed clinical outcomes. DIFFI+ patients have a higher odds of receiving surgery but lower odds of receiving a fracture diagnosis. Having a psychiatric diagnosis increases risk for DIFFI+ injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cmtr18040051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T15:11:24Z","timestamp":1764947484000},"page":"51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of Illicit Drug Use on Facial Fracture Patterns and Hospital Resource Utilization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2142-6223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arya","family":"Sherafat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aishwarya","family":"Suresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Waldrop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Riverside Community Hospital, Riverside, CA 92501, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared","family":"Inman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coms.2010.01.005","article-title":"Substance use and facial injury","volume":"22","author":"Murphy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac. 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Med."}],"container-title":["Craniomaxillofacial Trauma &amp; Reconstruction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1943-3883\/18\/4\/51\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T16:07:21Z","timestamp":1764950841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1943-3883\/18\/4\/51"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["cmtr18040051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cmtr18040051","relation":{},"ISSN":["1943-3883"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1943-3883","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]}}}