{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T19:49:23Z","timestamp":1782244163349,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CMTR"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study conducts a comparative analysis of surgical outcomes in patients who underwent FSF repair by a plastic surgeon versus an ENT using a national database. A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients who underwent surgical treatment of FSFs by a plastic or ENT surgeon using the de-identified American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) database. Patients were identified based on surgical CPT codes. Data extracted included primary surgeon specialty and patient demographics, comorbidities, and surgical outcomes. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher\u2019s Exact test and the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test, with a p-value &lt; 0.05 representing statistical significance. A total of 111 patients were analyzed, of which 85.6% were male. The mean age was 30.0 years [22.0, 48.0]. There were 70 patients (63.1%) treated by an ENT and 41 (36.9%) by a plastic surgeon. The median operative time was 131.0 min for ENT and 115.0 min for plastic surgery (p = 0.19). The median length of postoperative stay was 1.0 day for both groups. Postoperative complications included surgical site infection (SSI), wound disruption, and sepsis in five patients (4.5%). There was no statistically significant difference in the rate of complications between patients who underwent surgery with an ENT surgeon versus a plastic surgeon (p = 0.16). There were no statistically significant differences in operative time, length of stay, or complications between patients who underwent FSF repair by an ENT or by a plastic surgeon. Surgeon specialty training does not appear to influence intraoperative or postoperative outcomes. Studies with larger sample sizes may demonstrate statistically significant differences in outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cmtr19030030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T18:35:05Z","timestamp":1782239705000},"page":"30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Outcomes in Frontal Sinus Fracture Repair: A Comparative Analysis Between Plastic Surgery and Otolaryngology (ENT)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6592-9199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lasya P.","family":"Marla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline E.","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Plastic and Craniofacial Surgery, Helen Devos Children\u2019s Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3291-4888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Macy E.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Girian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Plastic and Craniofacial Surgery, Helen Devos Children\u2019s Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4495-4072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John A.","family":"Girotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Plastic and Craniofacial Surgery, Helen Devos Children\u2019s Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna R.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Plastic and Craniofacial Surgery, Helen Devos Children\u2019s Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1202597","article-title":"Complications of frontal sinus fractures","volume":"2","author":"Metzinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.7181\/acfs.2016.17.3.103","article-title":"Secondary reconstruction of frontal sinus fracture","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40902-024-00414-z","article-title":"Management of frontal sinus trauma: A retrospective study of surgical interventions and complications","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Maxillofac. Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000227738.42077.2d","article-title":"Frontal sinus fractures: A treatment algorithm and assessment of outcomes based on 78 clinical cases","volume":"118","author":"Chen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2025.03.007","article-title":"Contemporary management of frontal sinus fractures","volume":"58","author":"Hsieh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.163449","article-title":"Surgical management of traumatic frontal sinus fractures: Case series from a single institution and literature review","volume":"6","author":"Ravindra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (2023). Program Requirements for Graduate Medical Education in Otolaryngology, ACGME."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (2023). 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Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4266","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000004266","article-title":"Frontal sinus fractures: Evidence and clinical reflections","volume":"10","author":"Lopez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. 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