{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T13:40:49Z","timestamp":1786714849398,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr.","CMTR"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous analyses of substance-involved craniofacial trauma have often combined alcohol and drug\/medication involvement. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis comparing alcohol-only and drug\/medication-only facial injury encounters in the public Consumer Product Safety Commission National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), 2019\u20132023. Primary facial injuries (Body_Part = 76) were classified using the released Alcohol_Involved and Drug_Involved fields. Survey-weighted estimates and Taylor-linearized 95% confidence intervals incorporated the released PSU, stratum, and weight variables; design-based logistic regression evaluated code-4 hospitalization. Among 146,857 observed facial injury encounters, 4117 were alcohol-only and 2302 were drug\/medication-only. Weighted annual alcohol-only proportions were stable (trend odds ratio [OR] per year, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.96\u20131.03; p = 0.716), whereas drug\/medication-only proportions increased (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.04\u20131.27; p = 0.009). Compared with alcohol-only encounters, drug\/medication-only encounters involved older patients (weighted mean age, 63.1 vs. 47.6 years) and a lower weighted male proportion (55.6% vs. 67.5%). Weighted code-4 hospitalization was 23.1% versus 11.8%; the adjusted OR was 1.91 (95% CI, 1.45\u20132.53; p &lt; 0.001). Adult-only and alternative-period sensitivity analyses supported the main conclusions. Separate classification of alcohol and drug\/medication involvement revealed distinct demographic, temporal, and disposition patterns among NEISS-captured product-associated ED encounters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cmtr19030035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T13:12:56Z","timestamp":1786713176000},"page":"35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Alcohol-Only and Drug\/Medication-Only Product-Associated Facial Injury Encounters Across COVID-19 Periods: A Public CPSC NEISS Study, 2019\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1180-2266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Kachar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3773-1694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher T.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head & Neck Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Thorpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head & Neck Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2011.02.057","article-title":"Epidemiology of facial fracture injuries","volume":"69","author":"Allareddy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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