{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T03:34:04Z","timestamp":1773804844468,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]],"date-time":"2023-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cultural and Educational Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic","award":["009TUKE-4\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["009TUKE-4\/2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Crystals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of the submitted work is to study the relationship between the method of polishing the metallurgical surface and the indentation size effect (ISE). The material of the sample was annealed 99.5% aluminum. The polishing time ranged between 300 and 3600 s. An aqueous emulsion of aluminum oxide (spineline) and diamond paste were used as the polishing agents. The surface quality of the samples was measured with roughness meters. Applied loads in the micro-hardness test were 0.0981, 0.2452, 0.4904, and 0.9807 N. The effect of polishing on micro-hardness, Meyer\u2019s index n, and ISE characteristics was evaluated using the PSR method and the Hays\u2013Kendall approach. As the polishing time increases, the micro-hardness values decrease, and the value of Meyer\u2019s index n increases from \u201cnormal\u201d to neutral, i.e., Kick\u2019s law applies. The finding was confirmed for both of the used polishing agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst13121633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,27]],"date-time":"2023-11-27T03:32:03Z","timestamp":1701055923000},"page":"1633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Relationship between Polishing Method and ISE Effect"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3356-186X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jozef","family":"Petr\u00edk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials and Quality Engineering, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Letna 1\/9, 04200 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0008-3312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Bla\u0161ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials and Quality Engineering, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Letna 1\/9, 04200 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1327-322X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dagmar","family":"Draganovsk\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, Letna 1\/9, 04200 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5135-4170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvia","family":"Kusmierczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Jan Evangelista Purkyn\u011b University, Pasteurova 3334\/7, 400 01 Usti nad Labem, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7906-6405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"\u0160olc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials and Quality Engineering, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Letna 1\/9, 04200 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miroslava","family":"\u0164avodov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, Tom\u00e1\u0161a Garrigue Masaryka 24, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7213-134X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1ria","family":"Mihalikov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materials and Quality Engineering, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Letna 1\/9, 04200 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2018). Metallic Materials\u2014Vickers Hardness Test Part 1\u2014Test Method (Standard No. ISO 6507-1)."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2015). Metallic Materials\u2014Instrumented Indentation Test for Hardness and Materials Parameters Part 1\u2014Test Method (Standard No. ISO 14577-1)."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00707-009-0222-z","article-title":"Size Effects in Nanoindentation: An Experimental and Analytical Study","volume":"211","author":"Voyiadjis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Mech."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2219(99)00043-6","article-title":"Examination of the Indentation Size Effect in Low-Load Vickers Hardness Testing of Ceramics","volume":"19","author":"Gong","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-0584(02)00086-X","article-title":"Analysis of the Indentation Size Effect in the Microhardness Measurement of Some Cobalt-Based Alloys","volume":"77","author":"Sangwal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024947210604","article-title":"Indentation Size Effect in Ceramics: Correlation with H\/E","volume":"22","author":"Ren","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-0584(99)00216-3","article-title":"On the Reverse Indentation Size Effect and Microhardness Measurement of Solids","volume":"63","author":"Sangwal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2006.12.101","article-title":"Relationship between Hardness and Grain Size in Electrodeposited Copper Films","volume":"457","author":"Hakamada","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchar.2007.02.016","article-title":"Mechanical Characterization for \u03b2-Sn Single Crystals Using Nanoindentation Tests","volume":"59","author":"Uzun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mater. Charact."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"241","article-title":"Some problems of microhardness of metals","volume":"2","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1515\/msr-2018-0004","article-title":"Measurement System Analyses\u2014Gauge Repeatability and Reproducibility Methods","volume":"18","author":"Cepova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2007.02.006","article-title":"Influence of Surface-Roughness on Indentation Size Effect","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2008.02.049","article-title":"Evaluating Plastic Flow Properties by Characterizing Indentation Size Effect Using a Sharp Indenter","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1002\/sca.21111","article-title":"Effect of Surface Roughness in the Determination of the Mechanical Properties of Material Using Nanoindentation Test","volume":"36","author":"Xia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scanning"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"43","article-title":"Surface Roughness and Knoop Indentation Micro- Hardness Behavior of Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) and Polystyrene (C8H8)n Materials","volume":"16","author":"Alsoufi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mech. Mechatron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-013-7429-z","article-title":"Quantifying the Surface Roughness Effect in Microindentation Using a Proportional Specimen Resistance Model","volume":"48","author":"Chuah","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1698951","article-title":"The Effect of One-Step and Multi-Step Polishing Systems on the Surface Roughness and Microhardness of Novel Resin Composites","volume":"06","author":"Erdemir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.2341\/07-28","article-title":"The Influence of One-Step Polishing Systems on the Surface Roughness and Microhardness of Nanocomposites","volume":"33","author":"Korkmaz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2016). Metallic Materials\u2014Tensile Testing. Part 1: Method of Test at Room Temperature (Standard No. ISO 6892-1)."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Cuff, T. (2023, September 30). Beilby Layer. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/297761245_Beilby_Layer?channel=doi&linkId=56e338f508ae98445c1b2d31&showFulltext=true."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(1997). Surface Roughness\u2014Terminology\u2014Part 1: Surface and Its Parameters (Standard No. ISO 4287-1)."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2023, September 02). Mitutoyo Surftest-SJ-310. Available online: https:\/\/shop.mitutoyo.eu\/web\/mitutoyo\/en\/mitutoyo\/1292249267209\/Surftest%20SJ-310%20%5Bmm%5D\/$catalogue\/mitutoyoData\/PR\/178-570-01D\/index.xhtml."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2005). Metallic Materials\u2014Vickers Hardness Test Part 2\u2014Verification and Calibration of Testing Machines (Standard No. ISO 6507-2)."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2018). Metallic Materials-Vickers Hardness Test\u2014Verification and Calibration of Testing Machines (Standard No. ISO 6507-2)."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"771","article-title":"The Indentation Size Effect (ISE) and the Speed of the Indenter Penetration into Test Piece","volume":"16","author":"Palfy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Chajdiak, J. (2009). \u0160tatistika v Exceli 2007, STATIS. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Chrysler Group (2010). Measurement Systems Analysis: Reference Manual, Chrysler Group. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petr\u00edk, J., Bla\u0161ko, P., Markul\u00edk, \u0160., \u0160olc, M., and Palfy, P. (2022). The Indentation Size Effect (ISE) of Metals. Crystals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst12060795"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2219(01)00457-5","article-title":"Measurement of Hardness on Traditional Ceramics","volume":"22","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3072","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-009-3407-x","article-title":"The Role of Friction to the Indentation Size Effect in Amorphous and Crystallized Pd-Based Alloy","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1007\/s40995-018-0604-y","article-title":"Microhardness Characterization of Fe- and Co-Based Superalloys","volume":"43","author":"Karaca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018533131255","article-title":"Dependence of Vickers Microhardness on Applied Load in Indium","volume":"16","author":"Cai","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petr\u00edk, J., Bla\u0161ko, P., Petryshynets, I., Mihalikov\u00e1, M., Pribulov\u00e1, A., and Fut\u00e1\u0161, P. (2022). The Influence of the Degree of Tension and Compression of Aluminum on the Indentation Size Effect (ISE). Metals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/met12122063"}],"container-title":["Crystals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4352\/13\/12\/1633\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:30:05Z","timestamp":1760131805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4352\/13\/12\/1633"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["cryst13121633"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cryst13121633","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4352"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4352","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]]}}}