{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:35:21Z","timestamp":1760236521970,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There have been significant advances in the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), with immunotherapy (IO)-based combinations as the standard-of-care treatment in the front-line setting. IO in this setting is paired with another IO agent or with a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGF-R) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). One IO\/IO combination and four IO\/TKI combinations are currently approved. However, the role of the salvage IO in patients with disease progression on TKI monotherapy is uncertain. Here, we present a case series of five patients who were on single-agent TKI therapy for treatment-refractory mRCC and upon disease progression had an IO agent added to their TKI. The median duration of TKI monotherapy was 11.2 months (range, 1.7\u201331.1 months), and the median duration of response after the addition of IO was 4 months (range, 2.8\u201310.5 months). Although IO salvage therapy has a plausible rationale, this case series did not show a clear benefit to this approach. Further clinical trials are needed to determine the clinical utility of IO salvage therapy in mRCC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol28060421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T04:48:37Z","timestamp":1638247717000},"page":"5019-5024","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Addition of Salvage Immunotherapy to Targeted Therapy in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Scott J.","family":"Dawsey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0184-3467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moshe C.","family":"Ornstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa065044","article-title":"Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma","volume":"356","author":"Motzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. 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