{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T14:56:54Z","timestamp":1777993014107,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Craniopharyngiomas (CPs) are slow growing, histologically benign intracranial tumors located in the sellar\u2013suprasellar region. Although known to have low mortality, their location and relationship to the adjacent neural structures results in patients having significant neurologic, endocrine, and visual comorbidities. The invasive nature of this tumor makes complete resection a challenge and contributes to its recurrence. Additionally, these tumors are bimodally distributed, being treated with surgery, and are followed by other adjuncts, such as focused radiation therapy, e.g., Gamma knife. Advances in surgical techniques, imaging tools, and instrumentations have resulted in the evolution of surgery using endoscopic techniques, with residual components being treated by radiotherapy to target the residual tumor. Advances in molecular biology have elucidated the main pathways involved in tumor development and recurrence, but presently, no other treatments are offered to patients, besides surgery, radiation, and endocrine management, as the disease and tumor evolve. We review the contemporary management of these tumors, from the evolution of surgical treatments, utilizing standard open microscopic approaches to the more recent endoscopic surgery, and discuss the current recommendations for care of these patients. We discuss the developments in radiation therapy, such as radiosurgery, being used as treatment strategies for craniopharyngioma, highlighting their beneficial effects on tumor resections while decreasing the rates of adverse outcomes. We also outline the recent chemotherapy modalities, which help control tumor growth, and the immune landscape on craniopharyngiomas that allow the development of novel immunotherapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29030138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T20:35:50Z","timestamp":1646598950000},"page":"1645-1671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Current Advances in the Management of Adult Craniopharyngiomas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Montserrat","family":"Lara-Velazquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 653 8th St W., Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yusuf","family":"Mehkri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 653 8th St W., Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Panther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 653 8th St W., Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jairo","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 653 8th St W., Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0853-2434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dinesh","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 653 8th St W., Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8093-0376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Fiester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 653 8th St W., Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8560-035X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raafat","family":"Makary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 653 8th St W., Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Rutenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 653 8th St W., Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daryoush","family":"Tavanaiepour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 653 8th St W., Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gazanfar","family":"Rahmathulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 653 8th St W., Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.89.4.0547","article-title":"The descriptive epidemiology of craniopharyngioma","volume":"89","author":"Bunin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2006-0002","article-title":"Craniopharyngiomas","volume":"27","author":"Karavitaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v1","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox158","article-title":"CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2010\u20132014","volume":"19","author":"Ostrom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neur. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S85","DOI":"10.1586\/14737140.6.9s.S85","article-title":"Craniopharyngiomas: An update","volume":"6","author":"Yamini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0125-9","article-title":"Craniopharyngioma","volume":"5","author":"Muller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"83","article-title":"Treatment strategies for craniopharyngiomas","volume":"63","author":"Ottenhausen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nos142","article-title":"Incidence, treatment and survival of patients with craniopharyngioma in the surveillance, epidemiology and end results program","volume":"14","author":"Zacharia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0709","article-title":"History before diagnosis in childhood craniopharyngioma: Associations with initial presentation and long-term prognosis","volume":"173","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.2478\/raon-2019-0036","article-title":"Advances in the management of craniopharyngioma in children and adults","volume":"53","author":"Jensterle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.3171\/2010.11.JNS10670","article-title":"Neurosurgical treatment of craniopharyngioma in adults and children: Early and long-term results in a large case series","volume":"114","author":"Mortini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200002000-00007","article-title":"Long-term outcomes for surgically resected craniopharyngiomas","volume":"46","author":"Duff","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.7.PEDS09215","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of radical resection of primary and recurrent craniopharyngiomas in 86 children","volume":"5","author":"Elliott","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.08.209","article-title":"Recurrence Rate and Prognostic Factors for the Adult Craniopharyngiomas in Long-Term Follow-Up","volume":"133","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-021-01563-9","article-title":"Association of histological subtype with risk of recurrence in craniopharyngioma patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2007.106.1.3","article-title":"Pediatric craniopharyngiomas: Classification and treatment according to the degree of hypothalamic involvement","volume":"106","author":"Puget","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0683-x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging as predictor of functional outcome in craniopharyngiomas","volume":"51","author":"Mortini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12613","article-title":"CTNNB1 mutations are clonal in adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma","volume":"46","author":"Apps","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-020-04750-z","article-title":"Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma: Advances in proteomic research","volume":"37","author":"Desiderio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-010-1245-4","article-title":"The role of inflammation in the genesis of the cystic component of craniopharyngiomas","volume":"26","author":"Pettorini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R139","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0957","article-title":"ENDOCRINE TUMORS: BRAF V600E mutations in papillary craniopharyngioma","volume":"174","author":"Brastianos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E12","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.3.FOCUS1861","article-title":"Craniopharyngioma: A roadmap for scientific translation","volume":"44","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koni, M., Pinnaro, V., and Brizzi, M.F. (2020). The Wnt Signalling Pathway: A Tailored Target in Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207697"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2264(199908)25:4<399::AID-GCC14>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Beta-catenin accumulation and mutation of the CTNNB1 gene in hepatoblastoma","volume":"25","author":"Hofmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genes Chromosomes Cancer"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"121","article-title":"Nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin without an additional somatic mutation in coding region of the APC gene in hepatoblastoma from a familial adenomatous polyposis patient","volume":"11","author":"Inukai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7531","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210059","article-title":"Colorectal cancer and genetic alterations in the Wnt pathway","volume":"25","author":"Segditsas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"185","article-title":"Wnt signaling pathway in development and cancer","volume":"69","author":"Taciak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-010-0642-9","article-title":"Tumour cell migration in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas is promoted by activated Wnt-signalling","volume":"119","author":"Buchfelder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11482","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1101553108","article-title":"Increased Wingless (Wnt) signaling in pituitary progenitor\/stem cells gives rise to pituitary tumors in mice and humans","volume":"108","author":"Andoniadou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1562","article-title":"Possible linkage between specific histological structures and aberrant reactivation of the Wnt pathway in adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma","volume":"203","author":"Kato","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-005-1004-x","article-title":"Common mutations of beta-catenin in adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas but not in other tumours originating from the sellar region","volume":"109","author":"Buslei","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3109\/02688690903576237","article-title":"Expression of aberrant beta-catenin and impaired p63 in craniopharyngiomas","volume":"24","author":"Cao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.3109\/10799893.2015.1030412","article-title":"Signaling pathway of MAPK\/ERK in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, senescence and apoptosis","volume":"35","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Recept. Signal. Transduct. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110853","article-title":"MicroRNAs as regulators of ERK\/MAPK pathway: A comprehensive review","volume":"132","author":"Safa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurtzeborn, K., Kwon, H.N., and Kuure, S. (2019). MAPK\/ERK Signaling in Regulation of Renal Differentiation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201903.0138.v1"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Degirmenci, U., Wang, M., and Hu, J. (2020). Targeting Aberrant RAS\/RAF\/MEK\/ERK Signaling for Cancer Therapy. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010198"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2006.10.001","article-title":"Roles of the Raf\/MEK\/ERK pathway in cell growth, malignant transformation and drug resistance","volume":"1773","author":"McCubrey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys Acta."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0582-8","article-title":"The ERK and JNK pathways in the regulation of metabolic reprogramming","volume":"38","author":"Papa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2011.645805","article-title":"Targeting the MAPK-RAS-RAF signaling pathway in cancer therapy","volume":"16","author":"Santarpia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38892","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6476","article-title":"RAS-MAPK pathway epigenetic activation in cancer: miRNAs in action","volume":"7","author":"Garinet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"3710","article-title":"MiR-214 promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of oral cancer cells through MAPK\/ERK signaling pathway","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(05)70168-6","article-title":"The MAPK signalling pathways and colorectal cancer","volume":"6","author":"Fang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3147","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.547","article-title":"Calreticulin promotes EGF-induced EMT in pancreatic cancer cells via Integrin\/EGFR-ERK\/MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"8","author":"Sheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaa264","article-title":"Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin contributes to stem cell characteristics and enhances tumorigenicity of glioblastoma","volume":"23","author":"Zarco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2013.07.004","article-title":"Sox2(+) stem\/progenitor cells in the adult mouse pituitary support organ homeostasis and have tumor-inducing potential","volume":"13","author":"Andoniadou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00766","article-title":"Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer","volume":"417","author":"Davies","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, M.H., Kim, J., Lim, S.A., Kim, J., and Lee, K.M. (2020). Current Insights into Combination Therapies with MAPK Inhibitors and Immune Checkpoint Blockade. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072531"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-012-0806-7","article-title":"The superiority of conservative resection and adjuvant radiation for craniopharyngiomas","volume":"108","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.105711","article-title":"Adult craniopharyngioma: The role of extent of resection in tumor recurrence and long-term functional outcome","volume":"192","author":"Sadashivam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2005.09.034","article-title":"Combined proton and photon irradiation for craniopharyngioma: Long-term results of the early cohort of patients treated at Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory and Massachusetts General Hospital","volume":"64","author":"Fitzek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-2-18","article-title":"Craniopharyngioma","volume":"2","author":"Garnett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.3171\/2008.10.JNS0880","article-title":"Adult craniopharyngiomas: Surgical results with a special focus on endocrinological outcomes and recurrence according to pituitary stalk preservation","volume":"111","author":"Jung","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1159\/000318426","article-title":"Endocrinological outcomes of pediatric craniopharyngiomas with anatomical pituitary stalk preservation: Preliminary study","volume":"46","author":"Jung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.05.174","article-title":"Current Results of Surgical Treatment of Craniopharyngiomas: The Impact of Endoscopic Endonasal Approaches","volume":"142","author":"Almeida","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.oa.2014-0038","article-title":"Indication and limitations of endoscopic extended transsphenoidal surgery for craniopharyngioma","volume":"54","author":"Matsuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol. Med. Chir."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, P., Axier, A., Li, S., Zhou, K., Yun, J., Wang, H., and Zhang, T. (2020). The safety and efficacy of endoscopic endonasal approach in the treatment of recurrent craniopharyngioma: A protocol. for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine, 99.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000022995"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-020-01343-x","article-title":"Quality of life and olfactory function after suprasellar craniopharyngioma surgery-a single-center experience comparing transcranial and endoscopic endonasal approaches","volume":"44","author":"Marx","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-suppl.1-41-2021-03","article-title":"Sellar and parasellar lesions: Multidisciplinary management","volume":"41","author":"Emanuelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S411","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.121612","article-title":"Minimally invasive management of adult craniopharyngiomas: An analysis of our series and review of literature","volume":"4","author":"Rahmathulla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.07.053","article-title":"Endonasal endoscopic resection of suprasellar craniopharyngioma: A retrospective single-center case series","volume":"81","author":"Simonin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.08.184","article-title":"Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Craniopharyngiomas with Intraventricular Extension: Case Series, Long-Term Outcomes, and Review","volume":"144","author":"Algattas","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2019.109786","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach for pediatric craniopharyngiomas: A case series","volume":"130","author":"Schelini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-017-3615-7","article-title":"The supraorbital eyebrow approach for removal of craniopharyngioma in children: A case series","volume":"34","author":"Viana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-018-0909-z","article-title":"BRAF V600E mutant papillary craniopharyngiomas: A single-institutional case series","volume":"21","author":"Younus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.PEDS17254","article-title":"Therapeutic outcomes of transsphenoidal surgery in pediatric patients with craniopharyngiomas: A single-center study","volume":"21","author":"Yamada","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.08.058","article-title":"Outcomes After Endoscopic Endonasal Resection of Craniopharyngiomas in the Pediatric Population","volume":"108","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.4.JNS172330","article-title":"A modern series of subdiaphragmatic craniopharyngiomas","volume":"131","author":"Jamshidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"1","article-title":"Endonasal endoscopic transsphenoidal resection of intrinsic third ventricular craniopharyngioma: Surgical results","volume":"1","author":"Forbes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.7.PEDS17295","article-title":"Suprasellar and recurrent pediatric craniopharyngiomas: Expanding indications for the extended endoscopic transsphenoidal approach","volume":"21","author":"Alalade","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8140(93)90019-5","article-title":"Craniopharyngioma--a long-term results following limited surgery and radiotherapy","volume":"26","author":"Rajan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(92)90941-A","article-title":"Radiation therapy for pituitary adenoma: Treatment outcome and prognostic factors","volume":"30","author":"Tsang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.4103\/1793-5482.150228","article-title":"Outcome following surgical resection of craniopharyngiomas: A case series","volume":"12","author":"Bidur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.4103\/ajns.AJNS_67_19","article-title":"A Case Series of Craniopharyngioma: Epidemiological Study and Management Analysis at Tertiary Care Center","volume":"14","author":"Ramanbhavana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adro.2020.07.020","article-title":"Reirradiation for recurrent craniopharyngioma","volume":"5","author":"Foran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.11.004","article-title":"Neuroendoscopic Treatment of Cystic Craniopharyngiomas: A Case Series with Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"110","author":"Lauretti","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-020-03432-9","article-title":"Clinical outcomes following proton therapy for adult craniopharyngioma: A single-institution cohort study","volume":"147","author":"Rutenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.96.4.0704","article-title":"Surgical outcomes in 31 patients with craniopharyngiomas extending outside the suprasellar cistern: An evaluation of the frontobasal interhemispheric approach","volume":"96","author":"Shirane","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2817","article-title":"Markers of recurrence and long-term morbidity in craniopharyngioma: A systematic analysis of 171 patients","volume":"97","author":"Gautier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.12190","article-title":"Childhood craniopharyngioma: 20-year institutional experience in Western Australia","volume":"49","author":"Rath","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Paediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.5662\/wjm.v8.i4.51","article-title":"Radiosurgical techniques for the treatment of brain neoplasms: A short review","volume":"8","author":"Velnar","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(92)90466-U","article-title":"Subspecialization in radiation oncology: Impact of stereotactic radiosurgery","volume":"24","author":"Loeffler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Harris, L., and Das, J.M. (2021). Stereotactic Radiosurgery, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minniti, G., Esposito, V., Amichetti, M., and Enrici, R.M. (2009). The role of fractionated radiotherapy and radiosurgery in the management of patients with craniopharyngioma. Neurosurg. Rev., 32.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-009-0186-4"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.10.193","article-title":"Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Neurosurgical Patients: A Historical Review and Current Perspectives","volume":"122","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(99)00507-6","article-title":"Single dose radiosurgical treatment of recurrent previously irradiated primary brain tumors and brain metastases: Final report of RTOG protocol. 90-05","volume":"47","author":"Shaw","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-021-04990-1","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery for craniopharyngiomas","volume":"163","author":"Pikis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-010-0494-0","article-title":"Outcomes of Gamma Knife surgery for craniopharyngiomas","volume":"104","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/3.3.159","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery of residual or recurrent craniopharyngioma, after surgery, with or without radiation therapy","volume":"3","author":"Chiou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neur. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"173","article-title":"Multi-modality management of craniopharyngioma: A review of various treatments and their outcomes","volume":"3","author":"Varlotto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurooncol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1159\/000163383","article-title":"Long-term results of gamma knife radiosurgery for 100 consecutive cases of craniopharyngioma and a treatment strategy","volume":"22","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog Neurol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1258\/0004563054255506","article-title":"Recurrent dizzy spells: All in the head","volume":"42","author":"Griffiths","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(99)00030-9","article-title":"The role of radiation therapy in the management of craniopharyngioma: A 25-year experience and review of the literature","volume":"44","author":"Habrand","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3171\/PED\/2008\/1\/2\/126","article-title":"Long-term outcome in children treated for craniopharyngioma with and without radiotherapy","volume":"1","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clon.2013.07.005","article-title":"Radiotherapy in craniopharyngiomas","volume":"25","author":"Iannalfi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Oncol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2011.03.028","article-title":"The therapeutic efficacy of fractionated radiotherapy and gamma-knife radiosurgery for craniopharyngiomas","volume":"18","author":"Jeon","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2016.1270466","article-title":"Visual outcome, endocrine function and tumor control. after fractionated stereotactic radiation therapy of craniopharyngiomas in adults: Findings in a prospective cohort","volume":"56","author":"Astradsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-012-0868-6","article-title":"Stereotactic radiosurgery and fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy: Comparison of efficacy and toxicity in 260 patients with brain metastases","volume":"109","author":"Fokas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurooncol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-005-1188-3","article-title":"Radiation therapy in the management of pediatric craniopharyngiomas--a review","volume":"21","author":"Kalapurakal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1102\/1470-7330.2004.0003","article-title":"Intensity-modulated radiotherapy\u2014What is it?","volume":"4","author":"Taylor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3857\/roj.2018.00122","article-title":"Intensity-modulated radiation therapy: A review with a physics perspective","volume":"36","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol. J."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.14011","article-title":"Current status of intensity-modulated radiation therapy for prostate cancer: History, clinical results and future directions","volume":"26","author":"Hatano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djz198","article-title":"Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy in Breast Cancer Patients Following the Release of a Choosing Wisely Recommendation","volume":"112","author":"Torres","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.12076","article-title":"Intensity-modulated Radiation Therapy for Lymph Node Oligo-recurrence","volume":"34","author":"Sato","year":"2020","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.JCRT_8_19","article-title":"Demineralization of tooth enamel following radiation therapy; An in vitro microstructure and microhardness analysis","volume":"16","author":"Kudkuli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2014.11.035","article-title":"Long-term disease control. and toxicity outcomes following surgery and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in pediatric craniopharyngioma","volume":"114","author":"Greenfield","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2012.10.030","article-title":"Disease control. after reduced volume conformal and intensity modulated radiation therapy for childhood craniopharyngioma","volume":"85","author":"Merchant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bulcan.2019.09.008","article-title":"Radiation induced optic neuropathy: Does treatment modality influence the risk?","volume":"106","author":"Mathis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull Cancer"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2005.04.015","article-title":"Experience of external beam radiotherapy given adjuvantly or at relapse following surgery for craniopharyngioma","volume":"77","author":"Pemberton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s11864-018-0546-9","article-title":"Proton Therapy for Head and Neck Cancer","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Oncol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-018-0683-4","article-title":"Proton beam therapy for cancer in the era of precision medicine","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.21530","article-title":"Proton versus photon radiotherapy for common pediatric brain tumors: Comparison of models of dose characteristics and their relationship to cognitive function","volume":"51","author":"Merchant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150195","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20150195","article-title":"Intensity modulated proton therapy","volume":"88","author":"Kooy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"155","article-title":"Fractionated proton radiation treatment for pediatric craniopharyngioma: Preliminary report","volume":"12","author":"Luu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.15834.1","article-title":"Advances in the management of craniopharyngioma","volume":"7","author":"Indelicato","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2020.1840626","article-title":"Variation in relative biological effectiveness for cognitive structures in proton therapy of pediatric brain tumors","volume":"60","author":"Otterlei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-012-0402-z","article-title":"Craniopharyngioma: History","volume":"16","author":"Barkhoudarian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pituitary."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-191007000-00003","article-title":"II. Tumor of the Hypophysis (with Infantilism): Operation-Recovery (Preliminary Report)","volume":"52","author":"Mixter","year":"1910","journal-title":"Ann Surg."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-005-1224-3","article-title":"A history of the treatment of craniopharyngiomas","volume":"21","author":"DiPatri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1159\/000120827","article-title":"A critical review of personal experiences with craniopharyngioma: Clinical history, surgical technique and operative results","volume":"21","author":"Raimondi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00381034","article-title":"Psychophysical assessment of sinusoidal whole-body vibration in z-axis between 0.6 and 5 Hz combined with different noise levels","volume":"61","author":"Seidel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Occup. Env. Health"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00066-021-01867-1","article-title":"The value of brachytherapy in the age of advanced external beam radiotherapy: A review of the literature in terms of dosimetry","volume":"198","author":"Major","year":"2022","journal-title":"Strahlenther Onkol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2021.05.123","article-title":"Evaluation of Long-Term Outcomes and Toxicity After Stereotactic Phosphorus-32-Based Intracavitary Brachytherapy in Patients with Cystic Craniopharyngioma","volume":"111","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-717X-7-94","article-title":"Stereotactic iodine-125 brachytherapy for brain tumors: Temporary versus permanent implantation","volume":"7","author":"Ruge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-021-05378-3","article-title":"Brachytherapy in paediatric craniopharyngiomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis of recent literature","volume":"38","author":"Cardeal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2021.109952","article-title":"New model for an epoxy-based brachytherapy source to be used in spinal cancer treatment","volume":"178","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.8.PEDS15317","article-title":"Efficacy of phosphorus-32 brachytherapy without external-beam radiation for long-term tumor control. in patients with craniopharyngioma","volume":"17","author":"Ansari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22633","article-title":"Intracystic bleomycin therapy for craniopharyngioma in children: The Canadian experience","volume":"109","author":"Hukin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer: Interdiscip. Int. J. Am. Cancer Soc."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-282X2011000100011","article-title":"Cystic craniopharyngioma: Intratumoral chemotherapy with alpha interferon","volume":"69","author":"Dastoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-005-1226-1","article-title":"Use of interferon alpha in intratumoral chemotherapy for cystic craniopharyngioma","volume":"21","author":"Cavalheiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.10.FOCUS19705","article-title":"Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma: Moving toward targeted therapies","volume":"48","author":"Hengartner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"407","article-title":"Does chemotherapy have a role in the management of craniopharyngioma?","volume":"19","author":"Hargrave","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-005-1208-3","article-title":"Long-term outcome and reconsideration of intracystic chemotherapy with bleomycin for craniopharyngioma in children","volume":"21","author":"Takahashi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Child\u2019s Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.3171\/ped.2007.107.4.318","article-title":"Neuroradiological findings of bleomycin leakage in cystic craniopharyngioma. Report of three cases","volume":"107","author":"Bartels","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1159\/000055955","article-title":"Intratumoral therapy with bleomycin for cystic craniopharyngiomas in children","volume":"33","author":"Hader","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00791","article-title":"Targeting IL-6 Is a Potential Treatment for Primary Cystic Craniopharyngioma","volume":"9","author":"Grob","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Oncol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.2.PEDS14656","article-title":"Intracystic interferon-\u03b1 treatment leads to neurotoxicity in craniopharyngioma: Case report","volume":"16","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.04.142","article-title":"Frequent B7-H3 overexpression in craniopharyngioma","volume":"514","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noy035","article-title":"Multiplexed immunofluorescence reveals potential PD-1\/PD-L1 pathway vulnerabilities in craniopharyngioma","volume":"20","author":"Coy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000406","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2019-000406","article-title":"Expression and clinical significance of PD-L1, B7-H3, B7-H4 and VISTA in craniopharyngioma","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"505","article-title":"Expression of interleukin-6 in human craniopharyngiomas: A possible inducer of tumor-associated inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Mori","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1830-2","article-title":"Tumour compartment transcriptomics demonstrates the activation of inflammatory and odontogenic programmes in human adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma and identifies the MAPK\/ERK pathway as a novel therapeutic target","volume":"135","author":"Apps","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.02.212","article-title":"Immune Microenvironment of Primary and Recurrent Craniopharyngiomas: A Study of the Differences and Clinical Significance","volume":"127","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.03.014","article-title":"Macrophage diversity enhances tumor progression and metastasis","volume":"141","author":"Qian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers6031670","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophages as major players in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"6","author":"Chanmee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3683","article-title":"Therapeutic opportunities for manipulating T(Reg) cells in autoimmunity and cancer","volume":"12","author":"Daniel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26960","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.26960","article-title":"Specific expression of PD-L1 in RELA-fusion supratentorial ependymoma: Implications for PD-1-targeted therapy","volume":"65","author":"Witt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djv310","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv310","article-title":"Dramatic Response of BRAF V600E Mutant Papillary Craniopharyngioma to Targeted Therapy","volume":"108","author":"Brastianos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1801946","article-title":"Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab in Lung Cancer with a High Tumor Mutational Burden","volume":"378","author":"Hellmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1712126","article-title":"CheckMate 214 Investigators. Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab versus Sunitinib in Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma","volume":"378","author":"Motzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-011-1172-6","article-title":"An immune-active tumor microenvironment favors clinical response to ipilimumab","volume":"61","author":"Ji","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2021.104712","article-title":"Autophagy and immune microenvironment in craniopharyngioma and ameloblastoma","volume":"123","author":"Karpathiou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0b013e32834ed6b9","article-title":"Pituitary tumors in childhood","volume":"19","author":"Harrington","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Obes."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"1","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal versus transcranial surgery for primary resection of craniopharyngiomas based on a new QST classification system: A comparative series of 315 patients","volume":"5","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"e14153","article-title":"Clinicopathological Features of Craniopharyngioma: A 15-Year Study from a Tertiary Care Center in Pakistan","volume":"13","author":"Haroon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599888","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.599888","article-title":"Non-Invasive Radiomics Approach Predict Invasiveness of Adamantinomatous Craniopharyngioma Before Surgery","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.10.JNS181557","article-title":"Neurological and neuropsychological outcome after resection of craniopharyngiomas","volume":"132","author":"Giese","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.2.JNS081026","article-title":"Extended endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach for residual or recurrent craniopharyngiomas","volume":"111","author":"Cavallo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.4103\/ajns.AJNS_324_19","article-title":"Effect of Perioperative Fluids on Serum Osmolality and Serum Sodium in Patients Undergoing Transcranial Excision of Craniopharyngioma: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"16","author":"Sabharwal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-021-01175-y","article-title":"Predictive factors of postoperative diabetes insipidus in 333 patients undergoing transsphenoidal surgery for non-functioning pituitary adenoma","volume":"25","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.18295\/squmj.4.2021.010","article-title":"Management of Diabetes Insipidus following Surgery for Pituitary and Suprasellar Tumours","volume":"21","author":"Almalki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.07.175","article-title":"Physiologic Mechanisms of Water and Electrolyte Disturbances After Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery","volume":"107","author":"Blair","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00666.x","article-title":"Prevalence, predictors and patterns of postoperative polyuria and hyponatraemia in the immediate course after transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas","volume":"50","author":"Hensen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1159\/000515347","article-title":"Postoperative and Long-Term Endocrinologic Complications of Craniopharyngioma","volume":"93","author":"Bereket","year":"2020","journal-title":"Horm. Res. Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_163","unstructured":"Hui, C., Khan, M., and Radbel, J.M. (2021). Diabetes Insipidus, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694213","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.694213","article-title":"Risk Factors for Hypothalamic Obesity in Patients With Adult-Onset Craniopharyngioma: A Consecutive Series of 120 Cases","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.2741\/s37","article-title":"The central nervous system at the core of the regulation of energy homeostasis","volume":"1","author":"Luquet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2020.05.009","article-title":"Management of Hypothalamic Obesity","volume":"49","author":"Muller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"ref_167","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of stereotactic radiosurgery versus conventional radiotherapy on body mass index in patients with craniopharyngioma","volume":"14","author":"Chou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"e4734","article-title":"Bariatric Surgery for Hypothalamic Obesity in Craniopharyngioma Patients: A Retrospective, Matched Case-Control. Study","volume":"106","author":"Wolf","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"321","article-title":"The Postopera tive Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents with Craniopharyngioma","volume":"116","author":"Eveslage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_170","first-page":"1","article-title":"Visual deterioration after endonasal endoscopic skull base surgery: Causes, treatments, and outcomes","volume":"1","author":"Carnevale","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.10.FOCUS20620","article-title":"Benefits of endoscope-assisted microsurgery in the management of pediatric brain tumors","volume":"50","author":"Atteya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2000","article-title":"Hypothalamic involvement predicts cognitive performance and psychosocial health in long-term survivors of childhood craniopharyngioma","volume":"98","author":"Fjalldal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin Endocrinol. Metab."}],"container-title":["Current Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1718-7729\/29\/3\/138\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:32:02Z","timestamp":1760135522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1718-7729\/29\/3\/138"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"references-count":172,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["curroncol29030138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/curroncol29030138","relation":{},"ISSN":["1718-7729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1718-7729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]}}}