{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T11:52:00Z","timestamp":1778500320750,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]],"date-time":"2022-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neoplasms with plasma cell differentiation may occasionally involve the skin. Cutaneous lesions may represent the first sign of an underlying systemic plasma cell malignancy, such as multiple myeloma, or the skin itself may be the primary site of occurrence of a hematological tumor with plasma cell differentiation. Starting from examples encountered in our daily practice, we discussed the diagnostic approach pathologists and clinicians should use when faced with cutaneous lesions with plasma cell differentiation. Cases of primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma, localized primary amyloidosis\/amyloidoma, and cutaneous manifestations (secondary either to multiple myeloma or to plasmablastic lymphoma) are discussed, focusing on the importance of the adequate patient\u2019s work-up and precise clinicopathological correlation to get to the correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment. The pertinent literature has been reviewed, and the clinical presentation, pathological findings, main differential diagnoses, treatment, and outcome of neoplasms with plasma cell differentiation involving the skin are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29050246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]],"date-time":"2022-04-24T02:22:02Z","timestamp":1650766922000},"page":"3026-3043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Cutaneous Involvement in Diseases with Plasma Cell Differentiation: Diagnostic Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8733-9933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magda","family":"Zanelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2299-5160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Palicelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Sanguedolce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Policlinico Riuniti, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9841-7856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maurizio","family":"Zizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical Oncology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Filosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pathological Anatomy, United Hospitals Ancona, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9844-4763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilla","family":"Cresta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Bisagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3483-130X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Zanetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"di Donato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, School of Anatomic Pathology, Bellaria Hospital, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1366-2081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrice","family":"Melli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Fertility Center, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"},{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Division, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7956-9950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Cimino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"Ocular Immunology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Cavazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa Francesca","family":"Vivian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Ascani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-11-881268","article-title":"The 2018 update of the WHO-EORTC classification for primary cutaneous lymphomas","volume":"133","author":"Willemze","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerroni, L. (2020). Skin Lymphoma: The Illustrated Guide, Wiley-Backwell. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119485933"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2018). WHO Classification of Skin Tumours, IARC."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199711000-00005","article-title":"Primary cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphoma: A recently described entity of low-grade malignant cutaneous B-cell lymphoma","volume":"21","author":"Cerroni","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semdp.2016.11.007","article-title":"Cutaneous marginal zone lymphomas","volume":"34","author":"Swerdlow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200308000-00003","article-title":"Primary cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphoma. A molecular and clinicopathologic study of 24 Asian cases","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200009000-00012","article-title":"Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma and Borrelia burgdorferi infection in patients from the Highlands of Scotland","volume":"24","author":"Goodlad","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200305000-00017","article-title":"Borrelia-associated primary cutaneous MALT lymphoma in a non-endemic region","volume":"27","author":"Vandenesch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190701618250","article-title":"Clinicopathological features of primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas from an academic regional hospital in central Italy: No evidence of Borrelia burgdorferi association","volume":"48","author":"Goteri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.03.6285","article-title":"Prognostic factors in primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma: The Italian Study Group for Cutaneous lymphomas","volume":"24","author":"Zinzani","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V99.3.800","article-title":"Primary cutaneous lymphomas: Applicability of current classification schemes (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, World Health Organization) based on clinicopathologic features observed in a large group of patients","volume":"99","author":"Zenahlik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15071","article-title":"Primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma: Systemic spread is rare while cutaneous relapses and secondary malignancies are frequent","volume":"177","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.04.047","article-title":"Primary cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphoma: Response to treatment and disease-free survival in a series of 137 patients","volume":"69","author":"Servitje","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv30","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy133","article-title":"on behalf of the ESMO Guidelines committee. Primary cutaneous lymphomas: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"29","author":"Willemze","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199711000-00012","article-title":"Are primary cutaneous immunocytoma and marginal zone lymphoma the same disease?","volume":"21","author":"Duncan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/111.1.111","article-title":"Extramedullary plasmacytoma. A form of marginal zone lymphoma?","volume":"111","author":"Hussong","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPW64FFBTTPKFN","article-title":"Characteristics of cutaneous marginal zone lymphomas with marked plasmacytic differentiation and a T-cell-rich background","volume":"133","author":"Ferry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2013.106","article-title":"Primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphomas with plasmacytic differentiation show frequent IgG4 expression","volume":"26","author":"Brenner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1097\/PAI.0000000000000462","article-title":"IgG4 expression in primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma: A multicenter study","volume":"26","author":"Ferry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e318267495f","article-title":"Blastic marginal zone lymphoma: A clinical and pathological study of 8 cases and review of the literature","volume":"35","author":"Magro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board (2017). WHO Classification of Tumours Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, IARC. [Revised 4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3181f72835","article-title":"Cutaneous marginal zone lymphomas have distinctive features and include 2 subsets","volume":"34","author":"Edinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg Pathol"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-003-0834-y","article-title":"Amyloid in surgical pathology","volume":"443","author":"Rochen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e241","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(15)00068-X","article-title":"Natural history and outcomes in localised immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis: A long-term observational study","volume":"2","author":"Mahmood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"A4727","article-title":"Primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis-a systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Kaltoft","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dan. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000861","article-title":"AL Amyloidoma of the skin\/subcutis: Cutaneous amyloidosis, plasma cell dyscrasia or a manifestation of primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma?","volume":"41","author":"Walsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17821","article-title":"Clinical presentation, therapeutic approach and outcome of primary cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphoma presenting as AL amyloidoma of the skin","volume":"181","author":"Dangien","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000001368","article-title":"AL-amyloidoma of the skin-a are manifestation of primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma","volume":"41","author":"Ueberdiek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e318272fe19","article-title":"Nodular pulmonary amyloidosis is characterized by localized immunoglobulin deposition and is frequently associated with an indolent B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder","volume":"37","author":"Grogg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2016.02.017","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of multiple myeloma and other plasma cell proliferative disorders","volume":"43","author":"Bhutani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1991.01680010079012","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of multiple myeloma","volume":"127","author":"Kois","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.139.4.475","article-title":"Cutaneous involvement in multiple myeloma. A clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical ad cytogenetic study of 8 cases","volume":"139","author":"Requena","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.08.054","article-title":"Prevalence and clinicopathologic characteristics of multiple myeloma with cutaneous involvement: A case series from Korea","volume":"78","author":"Woo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2015.1128542","article-title":"Cutaneous involvement in multiple myeloma: A multi-institutional retrospective study of 53 patients","volume":"57","author":"Jurczyszyn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.10296","article-title":"Subcutaneous plasmacytomas with tropism to sites of previous trauma in a multiple myeloma patient treated with an autologous bone marrow transplant","volume":"72","author":"Rosenblum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15172","article-title":"Cutaneous seeding of neoplastic plasma cells to a site of bruising in a patient with relapsed myeloma","volume":"181","author":"Boyle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.12.028","article-title":"Cutaneous involvement in multiple myeloma (MM): A case series with clinicopathologic correlation","volume":"74","author":"Malysz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-016-2104-1","article-title":"Cutaneous localization in multiple myeloma in the context of bortezomib-based treatment: How do myeloma cells escape from the bone marrow to the skin?","volume":"105","author":"Marchica","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.13486","article-title":"Cutaneous localization of plasmablastic multiple myeloma with heterotopic expression of CD3 and CD4: Skin involvement revealing systemic disease","volume":"46","author":"Varricchio","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V89.4.1413","article-title":"Plasmablastic lymphomas of the oral cavity: A new entity associated with the human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"89","author":"Delecleuse","year":"1997","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22335","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000022335","article-title":"Oral plasmablastic lymphoma: A case report","volume":"99","author":"Zizzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-10-567479","article-title":"The biology and treatment of plasmablastic lymphoma","volume":"125","author":"Castillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000234","article-title":"Clinicopathologic comparison of plasmablastic lymphoma in HIV-positive, immunocompetent and posttransplant patients single-center series of 25 cases and meta-analysis of 277 reported cases","volume":"38","author":"Morscio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2016-0232-RA","article-title":"Plasmablastic lymphoma: A review of clinicopathologic features and differential diagnosis","volume":"140","author":"Harmon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanelli, M., Sanguedolce, F., Palicelli, A., Zizzo, M., Martino, G., Caprera, C., Fragliasso, V., Soriano, A., Valle, L., and Ricci, S. (2021). EBV-driven lymphoproliferative disorders and lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract: A spectrum of entities with a common denominator (Part 2). Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13184527"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2020.152973","article-title":"Clinical, pathological and molecular features of plasmablastic lymphoma arising in the gastrointestinal tract: A review and reappraisal","volume":"216","author":"Sanguedolce","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"63","article-title":"Plasmablastic lymphoma: Current perspectives. Blood Lymph","volume":"8","author":"Lopez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2005.01985.x","article-title":"Plasmablastic lymphoma arising at a cutaneous site","volume":"46","author":"Jordan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.02.021","article-title":"Primary cutaneous plasmablastic lymphoma of the lower leg in an HIV-negative patient","volume":"67","author":"Heiser","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.08.009","article-title":"Cutaneous plasmablastic lymphoma","volume":"58","author":"Jambusaria","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"541783","article-title":"Cutaneous plasmablastic lymphoma in an immunocompetent patient with long-term pyrimethamine use for essential thrombocytemia: A case report and literature review","volume":"2013","author":"Tiong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2011.06.036","article-title":"Plasmablastic lymphoma: Are more intensive regimens needed?","volume":"35","author":"Castillo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-016-2904-7","article-title":"Refractory plasmablastic lymphoma. A review of treatment options beyond standard therapy","volume":"96","author":"Pretscher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13300","article-title":"Bortezomib in combination with infusional dose-adjusted EPOCH for the treatment of plasmablastic lymphoma","volume":"169","author":"Castillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2014.06.009","article-title":"Hematopoietic cell transplantation for plasmablastic lymphoma: A review","volume":"20","author":"Castillo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2016.141978","article-title":"Immune-checkpoint expression in Epstein-Barr virus positive and negative plasmablastic lymphoma: A clinical and pathological study in 82 patients","volume":"101","author":"Laurent","year":"2016","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/PAP.0000000000000253","article-title":"Lymphoid neoplasms with plasmablastic differentiation: A comprehensive review and diagnostic approaches","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Anat. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3181f3e29f","article-title":"IG\/MYC rearrangements are the main cytogenetic alteration in plasmablastic lymphomas","volume":"34","author":"Valera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896914536223","article-title":"Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive large B-cell lymphoma: Description of a case with an unexpected clinical outcome","volume":"23","author":"Zanelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000138177.10829.5c","article-title":"KSHV-positive solid lymphomas represent an extra-cavitary variant of primary effusion lymphoma","volume":"28","author":"Chadburn","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2012.03.004","article-title":"Extracavitary\/solid variant of primary effusion lymphoma","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Diagn. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanelli, M., Sanguedolce, F., Zizzo, M., Palicelli, A., Bassi, M.C., Santandrea, G., Martino, G., Soriano, A., Caprera, C., and Corsi, M. (2021). Primary effusion lymphoma occurring in the setting of transplanted patients: A systematic review of a rare, life-threatening post-transplantation occurrence. BMC Cancer, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-021-08215-7"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-02-630632","article-title":"EBV-positive large B-cell lymphomas in young patients: A nodal lymphoma with evidence for a tolerogenic immune environment","volume":"126","author":"Nicolae","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2015.01.011","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in children: A disease reminiscent of Epstein Barr virus-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the elderly","volume":"46","author":"Uccini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanelli, M., Sanguedolce, F., Palicelli, A., Zizzo, M., Martino, G., Caprera, C., Fragliasso, V., Soriano, A., Valle, L., and Ricci, S. (2021). EBV-driven lymphoproliferative disorders and lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract: A spectrum of entities with a common denominator (Part 1). Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13184578"}],"container-title":["Current Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1718-7729\/29\/5\/246\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:59:38Z","timestamp":1760137178000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1718-7729\/29\/5\/246"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["curroncol29050246"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/curroncol29050246","relation":{},"ISSN":["1718-7729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1718-7729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]]}}}