{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:20:30Z","timestamp":1791231630621,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary vaginal cancer is a rare gynecologic malignancy. Given the rarity of the disease, standardized approaches to management are limited, and a great variety of therapeutic conditions are endorsed. This paper reviews advances in surgical approaches, radiation, chemoradiation, and immunotherapy. Advances in surgical management including the increasing use of laparoscopic and endoscopic approaches, as well as the novel techniques in vaginal reconstruction, are reviewed. Concurrent chemoradiation remains a mainstay of treatment for vaginal cancer and has improved local control of disease and overall survival. Additionally, with metastatic disease or situations where toxicity from CCRT is unacceptable, systemic therapies including immunotherapy approaches are reviewed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29050250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T13:40:57Z","timestamp":1651066857000},"page":"3082-3092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Innovations in the Management of Vaginal Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Anjali","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nupur","family":"Dogra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Zigras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trillium Health Partners, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Mississauga, ON L5M 2N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13867","article-title":"Cancer of the vagina: 2021 update","volume":"155","author":"Adams","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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