{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T12:20:20Z","timestamp":1792412420187,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]],"date-time":"2022-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) of the female genital tract is a rare and aggressive subtype of cancer that is still poorly understood. Several recent studies reported that pulmonary and gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms show significantly different patterns of metastasis compared to non-NECs of the same primary sites. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metastatic patterns of gynecologic NECs and to compare the metastatic patterns of NECs and non-NECs of the same primary sites. We retrieved and analyzed cervical, endometrial, and ovarian NEC cases from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. To validate the results, we also retrieved and analyzed cervical NEC cases from an institutional database. Uterine cervical NEC was the most common NEC. The overall metastatic rate was significantly higher in the NEC group than in the non-NEC group for all three primary sites. All cervical, endometrial, and ovarian NECs showed a higher tendency for bone, brain, and liver organotrophic metastasis than non-NECs of the same primary sites. We demonstrated that gynecologic NECs show significantly different metastatic patterns compared to non-NECs of the same primary sites. These findings might help clinicians to better manage patients with gynecologic NECs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29100587","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T01:52:21Z","timestamp":1665193941000},"page":"7461-7469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Neuroendocrine Carcinomas of the Uterine Cervix, Endometrium, and Ovary Show Higher Tendencies for Bone, Brain, and Liver Organotrophic Metastases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Hyung Kyu","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-018-0110-y","article-title":"A Common Classification Framework for Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: An International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and World Health Organization (WHO) Expert Consensus Proposal","volume":"31","author":"Rindi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.4132\/jptm.2015.09.20","article-title":"Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Female Reproductive Tract: A Literature Review","volume":"49","author":"Chun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pathol. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1159\/000513249","article-title":"Unique Metastatic Patterns in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of Different Primary Origin","volume":"111","author":"Hermans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1507","article-title":"Pattern and Risk Factors for Distant Metastases in Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: A Population-Based Study","volume":"7","author":"Cai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program (2022, June 23). SEER*Stat Database: Incidence\u2014SEER Research Data, 17 Registries, Nov 2021 Sub (2000\u20132019)\u2014Linked to County Attributes\u2014Time Dependent (1990\u20132019) Income\/Rurality, 1969\u20132020 Counties, National Cancer Institute, DCCPS, Surveillance Research Program, released April 2022, based on the November 2021 submission, Available online: www.seer.cancer.gov."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute (2022). SEER*Stat Software, Version 8.4.0.1, National Cancer Institute."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4447-x","article-title":"Neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"Tempfer","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virarkar, M., Vulasala, S.S., Morani, A.C., Waters, R., Gopireddy, D.R., Kumar, S., Bhosale, P., and Lall, C. (2022). Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Gynecologic Tract. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14071835"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30400","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Metastases in Neuroendocrine Tumors","volume":"139","author":"Hemminki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s10585-019-10007-0","article-title":"Ovarian, Uterine, and Cervical Cancer Patients with Distant Metastases at Diagnosis: Most Common Locations and Outcomes","volume":"37","author":"Gardner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Metastasis"}],"container-title":["Current Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1718-7729\/29\/10\/587\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:47:07Z","timestamp":1760143627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1718-7729\/29\/10\/587"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]},"references-count":10,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["curroncol29100587"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/curroncol29100587","relation":{},"ISSN":["1718-7729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1718-7729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,6]]}}}