{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T01:51:58Z","timestamp":1781920318979,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["91859202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91859202"]}]},{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["82172049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82172049"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to develop an apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) ratio-based prognostic model to predict the recurrence and disease-free survival (DFS) of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). A total of 188 patients with cT1-2 oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma were enrolled retrospectively. Clinical and laboratory data were extracted from medical records. The ADC values were measured at the regions of interest of the tumor and non-tumor tissues of the MRI images, and the ADC ratio was used for comparison between the patient with recurrence (n = 83 case, 44%) and patients without recurrence (n = 105 cases, 56%). Cox proportional hazards models were generated to analyze the risk factors of cancer recurrence. A nomogram was developed based on significant risk factors to predict 1-, 5- and 10-year DFS. The receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves of predictors in the multivariable Cox proportional hazards prognostic model were generated to predict the recurrence and DFS. The integrated areas under the ROC curve were calculated to evaluate discrimination of the models. The ADC ratio, tumor thickness and lymph node ratio were reliable predictors in the final prognostic model. The final model had a 71.1% sensitivity and an 81.0% specificity. ADC ratio was the strongest predictor of cancer recurrence in prognostic performance. Discrimination and calibration statistics were satisfactory with C-index above 0.7 for both model development and internal validation. The calibration curve showed that the 5- and 10-year DFS predicted by the nomogram agreed with actual observations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29120708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T08:29:58Z","timestamp":1669105798000},"page":"9031-9045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Prognostic Model Generated from an Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Ratio Reliably Predicts the Outcomes of Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Lingling","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201999, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoguang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai 201999, China"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizhong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201999, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bocheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201999, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingjue","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201999, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201999, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2018.10.014","article-title":"Incidence and mortality trends in oral and oropharyngeal cancers in China, 2005\u20132013","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-015-1758-z","article-title":"For early-stage oral tongue cancer, depth of invasion and worst pattern of invasion are the strongest pathological predictors for locoregional recurrence and mortality","volume":"467","author":"Almangush","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23183","article-title":"Poor prognosis in patients with stage I and II oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"112","author":"Rusthoven","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-019-02642-5","article-title":"Machine learning application for prediction of locoregional recurrences in early oral tongue cancer: A Web-based prognostic tool","volume":"475","author":"Alabi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4792","article-title":"Diffusion-weighted imaging of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Can pretreatment dwi predict local failure based on long-term outcome?","volume":"37","author":"Law","year":"2016","journal-title":"AJNR Am. 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