{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T14:06:02Z","timestamp":1793714762384,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,25]],"date-time":"2022-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glucocorticoids (GCs) are anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive steroid molecules secreted by the adrenal gland and regulated by the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal (HPA) axis. GCs present a circadian release pattern under normal conditions; they increase their release under stress conditions. Their mechanism of action can be via the receptor-independent or receptor-dependent pathway. The receptor-dependent pathway translocates to the nucleus, where the ligand-receptor complex binds to specific sequences in the DNA to modulate the transcription of specific genes. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and its endogenous ligand cortisol (CORT) in humans, and corticosterone in rodents or its exogenous ligand, dexamethasone (DEX), have been extensively studied in breast cancer. Its clinical utility in oncology has mainly focused on using DEX as an antiemetic to prevent chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. In this review, we compile the results reported in the literature in recent years, highlighting current trends and unresolved controversies in this field. Specifically, in breast cancer, GR is considered a marker of poor prognosis, and a therapeutic target for the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype, and efforts are being made to develop better GR antagonists with fewer side effects. It is necessary to know the type of breast cancer to differentiate the treatment for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, ER-negative, and TNBC, to implement therapies that include the use of GCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol30010024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T07:33:33Z","timestamp":1672126413000},"page":"298-314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["The Role of Glucocorticoids in Breast Cancer Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6955-9003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irma B.","family":"Mitre-Aguilar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Bioquimica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8474-1778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Moreno-Mitre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Desarrollo de Destrezas M\u00e9dicas (CEDDEM), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2209-1607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Melendez-Zajgla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Genomica Funcional del Cancer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7254-5961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vilma","family":"Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Epigenetica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1026-3774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia J.","family":"Jacobo-Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Bioquimica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2782-1381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Ramirez-Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Cirug\u00eda-Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0426-7410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gretel","family":"Mendoza-Almanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda (CONACYT), Laboratorio de Epigenetica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.7b00162","article-title":"Identification of the Clinical Candidate (R)-(1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-6-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)sulfonyl)-4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexah ydro-1H-pyrazolo [3,4-g]isoquinolin-4a-yl)(4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methano ne (CORT125134): A Selective Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) Antagonist","volume":"60","author":"Hunt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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