{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T18:19:36Z","timestamp":1767205176981,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004319","name":"Pfizer","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Eisai"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002429","name":"Amgen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002429","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004948","name":"Astellas Pharma","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004948","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017655","name":"Incyte Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Merck &amp; Co."},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009954","name":"Taiho Pharmaceutical,","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009954","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017239","name":"BeiGene","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017239","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Bristol Myers Squibb"},{"name":"AstraZeneca"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Current Oncology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The 24th annual Western Canadian Gastrointestinal Cancer Consensus Conference (WCGCCC) was held in Richmond, British Columbia, on 28\u201329 October 2022. The WCGCCC is an interactive multidisciplinary conference attended by healthcare professionals from across Western Canada (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba) who are involved in the care of patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Surgical, medical, and radiation oncologists; pathologists; radiologists; and allied health care professionals such as dieticians, nurses and a genetic counsellor participated in presentation and discussion sessions for the purpose of developing the recommendations presented here. This consensus statement addresses current issues in the management of colorectal cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol30090579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T10:33:56Z","timestamp":1693391636000},"page":"7964-7983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Report from the 24th Annual Western Canadian Gastrointestinal Cancer Consensus Conference on Colorectal Cancer, Richmond, British Columbia, 28\u201329, October 2022"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3306-3617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharlene","family":"Gill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2099-698X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahid","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, SK S4W 0G3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brady","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Manitoba Cancer Center, Brandon, MB R7A 5M8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6995-9285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terry","family":"Phang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ankur","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Alberta Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming, Red Deer, AB T4N 6R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joao","family":"Solar Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karamjit","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mussawar","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allan Blair Cancer Centre, Regina, SK S4T 7T1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Tankel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theresa","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Cancer Agency, Surrey, BC V3V 1Z2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Recsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kelowna General Hospital, Kelowna, BC V1Y 1T2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Nuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Cancer Hereditary Cancer Program, Victoria, BC V8R 6V5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shazia","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6832-0081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Mulder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"PO.17.00073","article-title":"Landscape of microsatellite instability across 39 cancer types","volume":"2017","author":"Bonneville","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCO Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e173580","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.3580","article-title":"Mismatch repair deficiency testing in patients with colorectal cancer and nonadherence to testing guidelines in young adults","volume":"4","author":"Shaikh","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3271","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-3728","article-title":"Mismatch Repair-Deficient Rectal Cancer and Resistance to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy","volume":"26","author":"Cercek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djv438","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djv438","article-title":"Efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in colon cancer with microsatellite instability: A large multicenter AGEO study","volume":"108","author":"Tougeron","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.21037\/jgo.2018.10.01","article-title":"Low prevalence of deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) protein in locally advanced rectal cancers (LARC) and treatment outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Ostwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.02107","article-title":"Phase II open-label study of pembrolizumab in treatment-refractory, microsatellite instability\u2013high\/mismatch repair\u2013deficient metastatic colorectal cancer: KEYNOTE-164","volume":"38","author":"Le","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.76.9901","article-title":"Durable clinical benefit with nivolumab plus ipilimumab in DNA mismatch repair-deficient\/microsatellite instability-high metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"36","author":"Overman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2021.05.051","article-title":"SO-27 Nivolumab plus low-dose ipilimumab in previously treated patients with microsatellite instability-high\/mismatch repair-deficient metastatic colorectal cancer: 4-year follow-up from CheckMate 142","volume":"32","author":"Lonardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(22)00197-8","article-title":"Pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for microsatellite instability-high\/mismatch repair deficient metastatic colorectal cancer: The phase 3 KEYNOTE-177 study","volume":"23","author":"Diaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0805-8","article-title":"Neoadjuvant immunotherapy leads to pathological responses in MMR-proficient and MMR-deficient early-stage colon cancers","volume":"26","author":"Chalabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00348-4","article-title":"Neoadjuvant PD-1 blockade with toripalimab, with or without celecoxib, in mismatch repair-deficient or microsatellite instability-high, locally advanced, colorectal cancer (PICC): A single-centre, parallel-group, non-comparative, randomised, phase 2 trial","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2201445","article-title":"PD-1 blockade in mismatch repair\u2013deficient, locally advanced rectal cancer","volume":"386","author":"Cercek","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2022.08.016","article-title":"LBA7 Neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibition in locally advanced MMR-deficient colon cancer: The NICHE-2 study","volume":"33","author":"Chalabi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.00032","article-title":"Organ preservation in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma treated with total neoadjuvant therapy","volume":"40","author":"Patil","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2010.07.001","article-title":"Circulating tumour cells in cancer patients: Challenges and perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Pantel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2017.14","article-title":"Integrating liquid biopsies into the management of cancer","volume":"14","author":"Siravegna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.76.8671","article-title":"Circulating tumor DNA analysis in patients with cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology and College of American Pathologists joint review","volume":"36","author":"Merker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-13-1014","article-title":"Blood-based analyses of cancer: Circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor DNA","volume":"4","author":"Haber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1789","article-title":"Circulating mutant DNA to assess tumor dynamics","volume":"14","author":"Diehl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1317","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1500076112","article-title":"Lengthening and shortening of plasma DNA in hepatocellular carcinoma patients","volume":"112","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1706174","article-title":"Application of cell-free DNA analysis to cancer treatment","volume":"379","author":"Corcoran","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-0392-0","article-title":"ctDNA applications and integration in colorectal cancer: An NCI Colon and Rectal-Anal Task Forces whitepaper","volume":"17","author":"Dasari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-2404","article-title":"Circulating tumor DNA in stage III colorectal cancer, beyond minimal residual disease detection, toward assessment of adjuvant therapy efficacy and clinical behavior of recurrences","volume":"28","author":"Henriksen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5586","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-0410","article-title":"Minimal residual disease detection using a plasma-only circulating tumor DNA assay in patients with colorectal cancer","volume":"27","author":"Parikh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2488","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1408617","article-title":"Age-related clonal hematopoiesis associated with adverse outcomes","volume":"371","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1623","article-title":"What to tell your patient with clonal hematopoiesis and why: Insights from 2 specialized clinics","volume":"136","author":"Steensma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2846","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.02615","article-title":"Using circulating tumor DNA in colorectal cancer: Current and evolving practices","volume":"40","author":"Malla","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346ra92","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf6219","article-title":"Circulating tumor DNA analysis detects minimal residual disease and predicts recurrence in patients with stage II colon cancer","volume":"8","author":"Tie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.3616","article-title":"Circulating tumor DNA analyses as markers of recurrence risk and benefit of adjuvant therapy for stage III colon cancer","volume":"5","author":"Tie","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5638","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-0271","article-title":"Prognostic value and relation with adjuvant treatment duration of ctDNA in stage III colon cancer: A post hoc analysis of the PRODIGE-GERCOR IDEA-France trial","volume":"27","author":"Taieb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.0528","article-title":"Analysis of plasma cell-free DNA by ultradeep sequencing in patients with stages I to III colorectal cancer","volume":"5","author":"Reinert","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.0512","article-title":"Prognostic potential of circulating tumor DNA measurement in postoperative surveillance of nonmetastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2021.39.3_suppl.11","article-title":"Circulating tumor DNA analysis for assessment of recurrence risk, benefit of adjuvant therapy, and early relapse detection after treatment in colorectal cancer patients","volume":"39","author":"Henriksen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2021.39.3_suppl.102","article-title":"Minimal residual disease (MRD) detection with circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) from personalized assays in stage II-III colorectal cancer patients in a U.K. multicenter prospective study (TRACC)","volume":"39","author":"Anandappa","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2022.40.4_suppl.009","article-title":"Association of circulating tumor DNA dynamics with clinical outcomes in the adjuvant setting for patients with colorectal cancer from an observational GALAXY study in CIRCULATE-Japan","volume":"40","author":"Kotaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2022.40.4_suppl.168","article-title":"Impact of postoperative integrated genomic and epigenomic signatures of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) on recurrence in resected colorectal cancer: Initial report of a prospective ctDNA monitoring study COSMOS-CRC-01","volume":"40","author":"Tsukada","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2200075","article-title":"Circulating tumor DNA analysis guiding adjuvant therapy in stage II colon cancer","volume":"386","author":"Tie","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.24.0952","article-title":"Revised TN categorization for colon cancer based on national survival outcomes data","volume":"28","author":"Gunderson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network\u00ae (NCCN\u00ae) (2023, February 05). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines\u00ae)\u2014NCCN Evidence Blocks\u2122\u2014Colon Cancer\u2014Version 2. Available online: www.nccn.org\/professionals\/physician_gls\/pdf\/colon_blocks.pdf."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.06.022","article-title":"Localised colon cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"31","author":"Tabernero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Treatment of patients with early-stage colorectal cancer: ASCO resource-stratified guideline","volume":"5","author":"Nandakumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glob. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2008.19.5362","article-title":"Evidence for cure by adjuvant therapy in colon cancer: Observations based on individual patient data from 20,898 patients on 18 randomized trials","volume":"27","author":"Sargent","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2022.07.456","article-title":"Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) dynamics, CEA and sites of recurrence for the randomised DYNAMIC study: Adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) guided by ctDNA analysis in stage II colon cancer (CC)","volume":"33","author":"Tie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.35.15_suppl.3503","article-title":"Primary (1\u00b0) tumor location as an independent prognostic marker from molecular features for overall survival (OS) in patients (pts) with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): Analysis of CALGB\/SWOG 80405 (Alliance)","volume":"35","author":"Venook","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3747\/co.24.3757","article-title":"The predictive effect of primary tumour location in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: A Canadian consensus statement","volume":"24","author":"Abrahao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2016.10.007","article-title":"The relevance of primary tumour location in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis of first-line clinical trials","volume":"70","author":"Holch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"LBA1","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2022.40.17_suppl.LBA1","article-title":"Panitumumab (PAN) plus mFOLFOX6 versus bevacizumab (BEV) plus mFOLFOX6 as first-line treatment in patients with RAS wild-type (WT) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): Results from the phase 3 PARADIGM trial","volume":"40","author":"Yoshino","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s10689-020-00170-9","article-title":"Collaborative Group of the Americas on Inherited Gastrointestinal Cancer Position statement on multigene panel testing for patients with colorectal cancer and\/or polyposis","volume":"19","author":"Heald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fam. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.04.021","article-title":"Universal immunohistochemistry for Lynch syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 58,580 colorectal carcinomas","volume":"20","author":"Eikenboom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/jgc4.1546","article-title":"Risk assessment and genetic counseling for Lynch syndrome\u2014Practice resource of the National Society of Genetic Counselors and the Collaborative Group of the Americas on Inherited Gastrointestinal Cancer","volume":"31","author":"Holter","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Genet. Couns."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network\u00ae (NCCN\u00ae) (2023, February 05). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines\u00ae)\u2014Genetic\/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Colorectal\u2014Version 2. 2022\u20147 December 2022. Available online: www.nccn.org\/professionals\/physician_gls\/pdf\/genetics_colon.pdf."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.5194","article-title":"Prevalence and spectrum of germline cancer susceptibility gene mutations among patients with early-onset colorectal cancer","volume":"3","author":"Pearlman","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.11.004","article-title":"Germline genetic features of young individuals with colorectal cancer","volume":"154","author":"Stoffel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.02764","article-title":"Point\/counterpoint: Is it time for universal germline genetic testing for all GI cancers?","volume":"40","author":"Hampel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djh034","article-title":"Revised Bethesda Guidelines for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) and microsatellite instability","volume":"96","author":"Umar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.11.310","article-title":"Update on the World Health Organization criteria for diagnosis of serrated polyposis syndrome","volume":"158","author":"Dekker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group (1985). Prolongation of the disease-free interval in surgically treated rectal carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med., 312, 1465\u20131472.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198506063122301"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8140(88)90219-8","article-title":"Adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy in rectal carcinoma: A review of the Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group experience","volume":"13","author":"Thomas","year":"1988","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040694","article-title":"Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer","volume":"351","author":"Sauer","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.40.1836","article-title":"Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer: Results of the German CAO\/ARO\/AIO-94 randomized phase III trial after a median follow-up of 11 years","volume":"30","author":"Sauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010580","article-title":"Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer","volume":"345","author":"Kapiteijn","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000257358.56863.ce","article-title":"The TME trial after a median follow-up of 6 years: Increased local control but no survival benefit in irradiated patients with resectable rectal carcinoma","volume":"246","author":"Peeters","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(11)70097-3","article-title":"Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer: 12-year follow-up of the multicentre, randomised controlled TME trial","volume":"12","author":"Marijnen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3827","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.42.9597","article-title":"Randomized trial of short-course radiotherapy versus long-course chemoradiation comparing rates of local recurrence in patients with T3 rectal cancer: Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group trial 01.04","volume":"30","author":"Ngan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5506","article-title":"Long-term results of a randomized trial comparing preoperative short-course radiotherapy with preoperative conventionally fractionated chemoradiation for rectal cancer","volume":"93","author":"Bujko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30086-4","article-title":"Optimal fractionation of preoperative radiotherapy and timing to surgery for rectal cancer (Stockholm III): A multicentre, randomised, non-blinded, phase 3, non-inferiority trial","volume":"18","author":"Erlandsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-011-0890-8","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial on preoperative radiotherapy 25 Gy in rectal cancer\u2014Treatment results at 5-year follow-up","volume":"397","author":"Pach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(20)30555-6","article-title":"Short-course radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy before total mesorectal excision (TME) versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy, TME, and optional adjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (RAPIDO): A randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"22","author":"Bahadoer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.01667","article-title":"Multicenter, randomized, phase III trial of short-term radiotherapy plus chemotherapy versus long-term chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (STELLAR)","volume":"40","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00079-6","article-title":"Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with FOLFIRINOX and preoperative chemoradiotherapy for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (UNICANCER-PRODIGE 23): A multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"22","author":"Conroy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(01)01545-0","article-title":"Local excision and postoperative radiotherapy for distal rectal cancer","volume":"50","author":"Benson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-199907000-00008","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of patients with rectal cancer managed by local excision with and without adjuvant irradiation","volume":"230","author":"Chakravarti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(99)00094-2","article-title":"Conservative management of rectal cancer with local excision and postoperative adjuvant therapy","volume":"44","author":"Wagman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000002255","article-title":"Transanal endoscopic microsurgery versus total mesorectal excision in ypT0-1 rectal cancer after preoperative radiochemotherapy: Postoperative morbidity, functional results, and long-term oncologic outcome","volume":"65","author":"Rizzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02236551","article-title":"Is local excision adequate therapy for early rectal cancer?","volume":"43","author":"Mellgren","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02234796","article-title":"Local excision of rectal cancer: What is the evidence?","volume":"44","author":"Sengupta","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02236751","article-title":"Surgeon influenced variables in resectional rectal cancer surgery","volume":"43","author":"Wexner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1018451","article-title":"Endoscopic surgery in the rectum","volume":"17","author":"Buess","year":"1985","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800691019","article-title":"The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery\u2014The clue to pelvic recurrence?","volume":"69","author":"Heald","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02054683","article-title":"Surgical cure for early rectal carcinomas (T1). Transanal endoscopic microsurgery vs. anterior resection","volume":"39","author":"Winde","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-007-9596-y","article-title":"A prospective randomized study with a 5-year minimum follow-up evaluation of transanal endoscopic microsurgery versus laparoscopic total mesorectal excision after neoadjuvant therapy","volume":"22","author":"Lezoche","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"727","article-title":"Transanal endoscopic microsurgery versus laparoscopic lower anterior resection for the treatment of T1-2 rectal cancers","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30333-2","article-title":"Radical surgery versus organ preservation via short-course radiotherapy followed by transanal endoscopic microsurgery for early-stage rectal cancer (TREC): A randomised, open-label feasibility study","volume":"6","author":"Bach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"296","article-title":"Local excision for early rectal cancer: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery and beyond","volume":"6","author":"Althumairi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02049154","article-title":"Management of early invasive colorectal cancer. Risk of recurrence and clinical guidelines","volume":"38","author":"Kikuchi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9098(199802)67:2<99::AID-JSO5>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Characteristics of rectal carcinomas that predict the presence of lymph node metastases: Implications for patient selection for local therapy","volume":"67","author":"Zenni","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19920115)69:2<322::AID-CNCR2820690208>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Variables correlated with the risk of lymph node metastasis in early rectal cancer","volume":"69","author":"Brodsky","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/00001574-199701000-00009","article-title":"The use of endoluminal ultrasound for malignant and benign anorectal diseases","volume":"13","author":"Phang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3740","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-019-01949-w","article-title":"Rectal cancer DFP dedicated issue: Abdominal radiology: The role of ERUS in staging of primary rectal cancer: A surgeon\u2019s perspective","volume":"44","author":"Phang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol31060246","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693267200000}}],"container-title":["Current Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1718-7729\/30\/9\/579\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]],"date-time":"2025-08-03T14:58:54Z","timestamp":1754233134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1718-7729\/30\/9\/579"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["curroncol30090579"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/curroncol30090579","relation":{},"ISSN":["1718-7729"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1718-7729","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]}}}